<p>Lake Iguaque is a lake located in the Boyacá Department of Colombia. The lake and the surrounding area was declared a Flora and Fauna Sanctuary in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>Lake Iguaque is located northeast of Villa de Leyva and is part of the SFF Iguaque. The predominant ecosystem is the páramo, with presence of frailejón plant, ferns, lichens and puyas. The average temperature is 12 °C. The route of access to the natural reservation is: Bogotá – Tunja (147 km) /Tunja – Villa de Leyva (39 km). The visitor center Furachiogua offers accommodation for up to 48 persons, and camping zone.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural value</h2><br>
<p>Lake Iguaque was considered a sacred place for the Muisca. According to legend, mankind was originated in the Iguaque lake, when the goddess Bachué came out from the lake with a boy in her arms. When the boy grew, she married him and their children populated the Earth. They are considered the ancestors of the human race. Finally Bachué and her husband and son disappeared unto the lake in the shape of snakes.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>The in 2006 described sweat bee Neocorynura muiscae was found in the sanctuary near the lake and named after the Muisca.</p><br>
<p>The Moravian Pottery & Tile Works  is a history museum located in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. It is maintained by the County of Bucks, Department of Parks and Recreation. The museum was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was later included in a National Historic Landmark District along with the Mercer Museum and Fonthill. These three structures are the only cast-in-place concrete structures built by Mercer.</p><br>
<p>Handmade tiles are still produced in a manner similar to that developed by the pottery&#39;s founder and builder, Henry Chapman Mercer. Tile designs are reissues of original designs. Mercer was a major proponent of the Arts and Crafts movement in America. He directed the work at the pottery from 1898 until his death in 1930.</p><br>
<p>Mercer generally did not affix a potter&#39;s mark to tiles made while he directed the work at MPTW. Following his death, there were several marks used to indicate that a tile had originated at MPTW. When the Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation took over the MPTW as a working museum, all tiles made by the museum were impressed on the obverse with a stylized "MOR," the words "Bucks County" and the year of manufacture (see illustration).</p><br>
<p>The reproduction tiles made today are made using Mercers original molds, clay that is obtained locally and has properties similar to those of Mercers original source, slips and glazes that follow Mercer&#39;s final formulations, although some have been modified to reduce the lead and heavy metal content to less toxic levels.</p><br>
<p>The Tile Works is one of three cast-in-place concrete structures built by Mercer. The others include Fonthill, which is located on the same property and served as his home; and the Mercer Museum, located approximately one mile away.</p><br>
<p>Kato Vermio  is a village and a community of the Veria municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Veria, of which it was a municipal district.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The village of Kato Vermio is located at a distance of 24 km from Veria and 95 km from Thessaloniki, in Imathia, Central Macedonia. The average altitude of the village is 1450 meters, making it one of the highest villages in Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Kato Vermio is a winter sports resort located in the Vermion Mountains of northern Greece. There are many restored and newly built vacation homes, mountain cottages and chalets in the village and the climate consists of cool summers and snowy winters. Most of the residents are native Greek speaking Vlachs. The village has many Inns & Hotels and a few cafe-bars and restaurants or tavernas.</p><br>
<p>The ski lift in Seli was the first one built in the entire country in 1934, making Seli the oldest Ski resort in Greece.</p><br>
<p>Fansipan  is a mountain in Vietnam, the highest in Indochina , at 3,143 m. It is located in the Lào Cai Province of the Northwest region of Vietnam, 9 km southwest of Sa Pa Township in the Hoang Lien Son mountain range.</p><br>
<p>Fansipan is dubbed "the Roof of Indochina" and has about 2,024 floral varieties and 327 faunal species.</p><br>
<p>The topography of Fansipan is varied. Muong Hoa Valley, at the lowest altitude (950-1000 m), is created by a narrow strip of land at the base on the east side of the mountain. It can be climbed in a steep and fairly strenuous hike.</p><br>
<h2>Summit mark</h2><br>
<p>The initial metal pyramid was made and installed here by Soviet engineers from Hòa Bình in 1985. Amateur mountaineering expedition was the first one since the end of the colonial period and was officially timed to the 40th anniversary of the Victory Day of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Tour companies in the area will arrange hikes to the summit taking from one to three days. Most will recommend taking the two- or three-day options and few guides will take tourists on the round trip in a single day.</p><br>
<p>A very small village is located at around 1,500 m where accommodation and food is offered. Further up, at 2,800 m, is an overnight camp. Most booked trips will include the use of these facilities in their price should they be required.</p><br>
<p>As of February 2016, it is possible to take a cable car most of the way to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Fansipan Cable Car</p><br>
<p>As of May 11, 2013, cable car to the top of Fansipan was inaugurated on the morning of February 2. This is a modern three-wire cable, the first in Asia presence. The ttal investment in the first phase of the project is 4,400 billion VND. The distance from the Muong Hoa peaked go through 6 main pillars, each pillar being 1 km.</p><br>
<p>The Guinness Book of World Records has awarded two Guinness certification for the Fansipan Sapa, including a three-wire cable car station and the difference between the worlds largest arrivals (1,410 m) cable cars and the worlds longest three-wire (6292.5 m).</p><br>
<p>Each cable car cabin can accommodate up to 35 guests, with a transport capacity of up to 2,000 people per hour. The time to go to the gas station to just 15 minutes.</p><br>
<p>2-level cable car tickets: adults (27$), children from 1-1.3 m in height (17$). Children under 1 m tall go free.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bishop is a mountain located on the northern border of Mount Seymour Provincial Park in the District of North Vancouver, British Columbia. It is a part of the North Shore Mountains, rising from the shores of Indian Arm to a summit of 1,509 m. Mount Bishop is a rocky summit with bluffs and old growth on its lower slopes.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named in honour of Joseph Charles Bishop, the first president of the British Columbia Mountaineering Club (BCMC), who died in 1913 after falling into a crevasse whilst climbing on Mount Baker.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of Mount Bishop was made in 1909 by a party of climbers from the British Columbia Mountaineering Club led by Fred Mills. The mountain was approached by boat to the top of Indian Arm, opposite Crocker Island, where the group camped overnight. In the morning they broke into two groups, the others climbing Mount Elsay (then known as Mount Jarrett) and headed up Bishop Creek. Among the Bishop party was a Mr Cromie, former owner of the Vancouver News-Advertiser (which became the Vancouver Sun). Upon reaching the summits of the two mountains at about 9.30am, the two parties of climbers called to each other.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking Routes</h2><br>
<p>Although Mount Bishop is very close to Vancouver, it is seldom climbed. Hikers now approach this mountain from either the BCMC trail on the west shoulder of Mount Elsay, or the North Shore Rescue trail which runs up from the East side of the Seymour Dam. Both these trails bring one to Vicar Lake, then a steep climb brings the hiker up the west ridge of the mountain to the peak. The Peak is flanked closely by Mount Dickens on the North, with Elsay Lake and Mount Elsay to the South. This is rough backcountry and should be approached only with caution and experience.</p><br>
<p>Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Harbour description</h2><br>
<p>The harbour is called Jipugtug by the Mi&#39;kmaq first nation, anglicized as Chebucto. It runs in a northwest-southeast direction.</p><br>
<p>Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is strategically located approximately one hour&#39;s sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections.</p><br>
<p>The harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The Sackville River now empties into the upper end of the harbour in Bedford Basin, however its original river bed has been charted by the Canadian Hydrographic Service throughout the length of the harbour and beyond.</p><br>
<p>The harbour includes the following geographic areas:</p><br>
<p>* Northwest Arm Another drowned river valley now largely used by pleasure boats.</p><br>
<p>* The Narrows A constricted passage to Bedford Basin.</p><br>
<p>* Bedford Basin A sheltered bay and the largest part of the harbour.</p><br>
<h3>Islands</h3><br>
<p>The harbour is home to several small islands.</p><br>
<p>The harbour limit is actually formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the harbour limits is Georges Island, a glacial drumlin similar to its dryland counterpart at Citadel Hill. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford and Burnside.</p><br>
<p>In the Northwest Arm, there is a small peninsula known as Deadman&#39;s Island, named for the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war. Just 200 m west of Deadman&#39;s Island is the equally small Melville Island, which is connected to the mainland by road. Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and is also the location of the Armdale Yacht Club. Melville Cove is also the name of the adjacent residential community.</p><br>
<p>Although outside the defined harbour limits, Lawlor Island and Devils Island are also frequently included in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h2>Navigation</h2><br>
<p>Halifax&#39;s official harbour limit for navigational purposes is delineated by a line running from Herring Cove on the west side of the main channel, to the northern end of McNabs Island, then from McNabs Island across the Eastern Passage to the actual community of Eastern Passage on the east side of the island. The harbour is marked by an extensive network of buoys and lighthouses, starting with Sambro Island Lighthouse at the harbour approaches, the oldest operating lighthouse in North America.</p><br>
<p>Deep draught vessels must use the main channel into the harbour, which runs on the west side of McNabs Island. The west entrance point marking the beginning of the inner approach using this channel is located near Chebucto Head, approximately 12 km south of the limit.</p><br>
<p>Shallow draught vessels (less than 2.5 m, 8.5 ft) may use the Eastern Passage, which runs on the east side of McNabs Island; however, continuous silting makes charted depths unreliable.</p><br>
<p>Large vessels have compulsory pilotage, with harbour pilots boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head. Vessels wishing to transit The Narrows between the outer harbour and Bedford Basin must travel one at a time; this rule was established after the disastrous Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917 when a collision between the French munitions ship Mont-Blanc and the Norwegian ship Imo destroyed part of Halifax and Dartmouth.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) maintains a large base housing its Atlantic fleet, Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT), along the western side of The Narrows, as well as an ammunition depot (CFAD Bedford) on the northeastern shore of Bedford Basin. There are strict security regulations relating to vessels navigating near RCN facilities and anchorages.</p><br>
<p>There are two large suspension bridges crossing The Narrows:</p><br>
<p>* the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, opened in 1955</p><br>
<p>* the A. Murray MacKay Bridge, opened in 1970</p><br>
<h2>Port facilities</h2><br>
<p>After Confederation in 1867, boosters of Halifax expected federal help to make the city&#39;s natural harbor Canada&#39;s official winter port and a gateway for trade with Europe. Halifax&#39;s advantages included its location just off the Great Circle route made it the closest to Europe of any mainland North American port. But the new Intercolonial Railway (ICR) took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canada&#39;s winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICR&#39;s own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, most Canadian exporters sent their wares by train though Boston or Portland. Harbour promoters fought an uphill battle to finance the large-scale port facilities Halifax lacked, succeeding just before the First World War with the start of construction of the large docking facilities at Ocean Terminals in Halifax&#39;s South End. The war at last boosted Halifax&#39;s harbor into prominence on the North Atlantic.</p><br>
<p>The Halifax Port Authority is a federally appointed agency which administers and operates various port properties on the harbour. Previously run by the National Harbours Board, the HPA is now a locally run organization.</p><br>
<p>HPA facilities include:</p><br>
<p>* South End Container Terminal - Piers 36-42 (currently operated by Halterm Limited, with several gantry and post-Panamax cranes)</p><br>
<p>* Halifax Grain Elevator</p><br>
<p>* Ocean Terminals - Piers 23-34</p><br>
<p>* Piers 20 -22: Pier 20, Halifax Seaport Farmers Market, The Cruise Ship Pavilion and Pier 21 Museum</p><br>
<p>* Richmond Terminals - Piers 9 and 9A</p><br>
<p>* Richmond Offshore Terminals - Piers 9B-9D (multi-user supply base for offshore oil and gas exploration/production)</p><br>
<p>* Fairview Cove Container Terminal - (currently operated by Cerescorp)</p><br>
<p>* National Gypsum Wharf - (currently operated by National Gypsum to serve Wrights Cove gypsum terminal)</p><br>
<p>* Woodside Atlantic Wharf - (vessel lay-up and repair, oil platform servicing)</p><br>
<p>* Imperial Oil Wharves - (currently operated by Imperial Oil to serve Dartmouth refinery)</p><br>
<p>* Ultramar Oil Wharves - (currently operated by Ultramar to serve the petroleum storage facility)</p><br>
<p>* Eastern Passage Autoport - (currently operated by CN)</p><br>
<p>All HPA facilities are serviced by CN. It provides on-dock daily train service to Montreal, Toronto, Detroit and Chicago. The railway also operates the Halifax Intermodal Terminal (HIT) adjacent to the Richmond Terminals.</p><br>
<p>In addition to HPA facilities, the following users have port facilities:</p><br>
<p>* The Halifax Shipyard, operated by Irving Shipbuilding, a medium-sized vessel construction and repair yard operates on the north end of the Halifax side of the harbour. The yard contains two floating drydocks (the largest is Panamax size) plus a graving dock and various shore-based operations. An expansion is underway for new naval construction.</p><br>
<p>* Until 2003 a marine railway called the Dartmouth Marine Slips operated in Dartmouth Cove until replaced by high rise residential development.</p><br>
<p>* MARLANT operates the HMC Dockyard, Dockyard Annex, CFAD Bedford, and York Redoubt through CFB Halifax. There are also military docking facilities located adjacent to the Shearwater Heliport.</p><br>
<p>* Canadian Coast Guard operates CCG Base Dartmouth, housing part of the Atlantic and Arctic fleets as well as pollution response and navigation aids maintenance facilities.</p><br>
<p>* Bedford Institute of Oceanography maintains docking facilities for various government scientific vessels. Shannon Hill, above the BIO campus is also home to CCG&#39;s "Halifax Marine Communications and Traffic Services" which operates Halifax Coast Guard Radio and the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) centre ("Halifax Traffic"), providing continuous radar coverage of all harbour activity.</p><br>
<p>* There are several marinas on the harbour:</p><br>
<p>** Armdale Yacht Club (Northwest Arm)</p><br>
<p>** Bedford Basin Yacht Club (Bedford)</p><br>
<p>** Dartmouth Yacht Club (Wrights Cove)- Burnside</p><br>
<p>** Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron (Northwest Arm)</p><br>
<p>** https://web.archive.org/web/20110102142414/http://www.syclub.ca/ Shearwater Yacht Club (Shearwater)</p><br>
<p>** St. Mary&#39;s Boat Club (Northwest Arm)</p><br>
<p>** Waegwoltic Club (Northwest Arm)</p><br>
<p>* There are 2 Automated Weather stations within the harbour</p><br>
<p>** McNabs Island</p><br>
<p>** Weather buoy Station 44258</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Halifax Harbour has long been polluted as a result of two centuries of direct raw sewage discharge into its waters. The harbour&#39;s deep water, tidal dispersal of surface wastes and a relatively small population of the city of Halifax resulted in the harbour&#39;s presenting few health concerns until the late 20th century when sewage build-up caused the shut-down of all harbour beaches.</p><br>
<p>The Harbour Solutions project, initiated in the year 2000, was the culmination of three decades of discussion and planning regarding how the urban area would solve the expensive problem of sewage treatment and disposal. The $400 million project was expected to be completed in late 2008 when the final of three new treatment plants was opened.</p><br>
<p>Testing of harbour waters in July 2008, with two of the three sewage treatment plants on-line, indicated that they are safe for swimming. Municipal public beaches at Black Rock Beach in Point Pleasant Park and at the Dingle Beach in Sir Sandford Fleming Park were officially re-opened on Saturday, August 2, 2008 (Natal Day weekend) after a 30-year closure due to sewage contamination in the water. Lifeguards are now providing supervision during regular hours through to Labour Day weekend. However repeated breakdowns in the new system have resulted in swimming bans being regularly re-imposed and periodic resumption of raw sewage discharge. From early 2009 on swimming was no longer allowed in the harbour because the plant flooded and stopped working. On the weekend of July 4, 2010 some beaches (like Black Rock Beach) reopened.</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks</h2><br>
<p>Halifax Harbour is noted for many shipwrecks both in the inner and outer harbour. A few ships were sunk at the edge of the harbour approaches during World War II by German U-Boats but the vast majority were claimed by harbour accidents. Mapping of the harbour revealed about 45 shipwrecks in the harbour. Near the mouth of the harbour, over 50 magnetic anomalies have been discovered, most of which also represent shipwrecks with many others buried underneath the muddy sediments. All historic shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour are protected by Nova Scotia&#39;s Special Places Act which makes it illegal to remove artifacts without a permit. Noteworthy wrecks are listed chronologically (with sinking dates):</p><br>
<p>*SS &#39;Havana&#39;, April 26, 1906: Rammed by the steamer Strathcona, at night while anchored.</p><br>
<p>*Deliverance, June 15, 1917</p><br>
<p>* blown up in the Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917, the world&#39;s largest man-made accidental explosion. Fragments remain.</p><br>
<p>*Good Hope, March 16, 1929</p><br>
<p>*Kaaparen, June 14, 1942: Collision while forming a convoy.</p><br>
<p>*Erg, July 6, 1943: shipyard tug sunk by collision in Bedford Basin, 19 lives lost.</p><br>
<p>*Governor Cornwallis, December 22, 1944 by fire</p><br>
<p>*Clayoquot, December 24, 1944</p><br>
<p>*Barge in Bedford Basin as the result of the Bedford Magazine Explosion of July 18, 1945.</p><br>
<p>*Athelviking, Torpedoed by German submarine U-1232 on January 14, 1945.</p><br>
<p>*SS British Freedom, sunk the same day as the Athelviking by U-1232.</p><br>
<p>*Gertrude de Costa, March 18, 1950</p><br>
<p>Cape Sable Island, locally referred to as Cape Island, is a small Canadian island located at the southernmost point of the Nova Scotia peninsula. Sometimes confused with Sable Island. Historically, the Argyle, Nova Scotia region was known as Cape Sable and encompassed a much larger area than simply the island it does today. It extended from Cape Negro  through Chebogue.</p><br>
<p>The island is situated in Shelburne County south of Barrington Head, separated from the mainland by the narrow strait of Barrington Passage, but has been connected since 1949 by a causeway. The largest community on the island is the town of Clark&#39;s Harbour, Nova Scotia. Other communities are listed below. At the extreme southern tip is Cape Sable.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cape Sable Island was inhabited by the Mikmaq who knew it as Kespoogwitk meaning "lands end". It was first charted by explorers from Portugal who named it Beusablom, meaning "Sandy Bay".</p><br>
<h3>French Colony</h3><br>
<p>Cape Sable and Cape Negro, Nova Scotia were first settled by the Acadians who migrated from Port Royal, Nova Scotia in 1620. The French governor of Acadia, Charles de la Tour, colonized Cap de Sable giving it the present name, meaning Sandy Cape. La Tour built up a strong post at Cap de Sable beginning in 1623, called Fort Lomeron in honour of David Lomeron who was his agent in France. (The fur trading post called Fort Lomeron was later renamed Fort La Tour although identified as Fort Saint-Louis in the writings of Samuel de Champlain.) Here he carried on a sizable trade in furs with the Mi&#39;kmaq and farmed the land.</p><br>
<p>During the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), under Charles 1, by 1629 the Kirkes took Quebec City, Sir James Stewart of Killeith, Lord Ochiltree planted a colony on Cape Breton Island at Baleine, and Alexander’s son, William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling established the first incarnation of “New Scotland” at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. This set of British triumphs in what had otherwise been a disastrous war was not destined to last. Charles 1’s haste to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant that the new North American gains would be bargained away in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632). There were three battles in Nova Scotia during the colonization of Scots: one at Saint John; another battle at Balene, Cape Breton; and one on Cape Sable Island.</p><br>
<h4>Siege of 1630</h4><br>
<p>In 1629, as a result of these Scottish victories, Cape Sable was the only major French holding in North America. There was a battle between Charles and his father at Fort St. Louis (See ), the latter supporting the Scottish who had taken Port Royal. The battle lasted two days. Claude was forced to withdraw in humiliation to Port Royal.</p><br>
<p>As a result, La Tour appealed to the King of France for assistance and was appointed lieutenant-general in Acadia in 1631.</p><br>
<p>By 1641, La Tour lost Cape Sable Island, Pentagouet (Castine, Maine), and Port Royal to Governor of Acadia Charles de Menou d&#39;Aulnay de Charnisay.</p><br>
<p>La Tour retired to Cap de Sable with his third wife Jeanne Motin, wed in 1653, and died in 1666.</p><br>
<h3>Father Rale's War</h3><br>
<p>During Father Rale&#39;s War, there were numerous attacks on New England fishing vessels. As an important landfall and base for seasonal New England fishing vessels working the rich fishing banks of Southwestern Nova Scotia, Cape Sable attracted several waves of pirate attacks in the Golden Age of Piracy. Pirates Ned Low and John Phillips raided fishing vessels off Cape Sable and Phillips met his death off the Cape in 1723.</p><br>
<p>In 1725 the British signed a treaty (or "agreement") with the Mikmaq of Cape Sable and other parts of Nova Scotia but the rights of the Mikmaq defined in it to hunt and fish on their lands have often been disputed by the authorities.</p><br>
<h3>French and Indian War</h3><br>
<p>The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour. The Acadians and Mi&#39;kmaq from Cape Sable Island raided the Protestants at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia numerous times.</p><br>
<p>During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia. In April 1756, Major Jedidiah Preble and his New England troops, on their return to Boston, raided a settlement near Port La Tour and captured 72 men, women and children.</p><br>
<p>In the late summer of 1758, the British launched three large offensives against the Acadians. One was the St. John River Campaign, another was the Petitcodiac River Campaign, and the other was against the Acadians at Cape Sable Island. Major Henry Fletcher led the 35th Regiment and a company of Joseph Gorhams Rangers to Cape Sable Island. He cordoned off the cape and sent his men through it. One hundred Acadians and Father Jean Baptistee de Gray surrendered, while about 130 Acadians and seven Mikmaq escaped. The Acadian prisoners were taken to Georges Island in Halifax Harbour.</p><br>
<p>En route to the St. John River Campaign in September 1758, Moncton sent Major Roger Morris, in command of two men-of-war and transport ships with 325 soldiers, to deport more Acadians. On October 28, his troops sent the women and children to Georges Island. The men were kept behind and forced to work with troops to destroy their village. On October 31, they were also sent to Halifax. In the spring of 1759, Joseph Gorham and his rangers arrived to take prisoner the remaining 151 Acadians. They reached Georges Island with them on June 29.</p><br>
<h3>New England Planters</h3><br>
<p>Following the Acadian Expulsion in the 1750s, the island was settled by the New England Planters from Cape Cod and nearby Nantucket Island. The waters off southwestern Nova Scotia had been well known to them since the days of French settlement in the early 17th century. While the tides of the Gulf of Maine may have brought a few exploring fishermen from Nantucket to the island, it was an entirely different tide that spawned the eventual permanent English settlement—a political tide.</p><br>
<p>Many Cape New Englanders took advantage of the offer of 50 acre of land to each male adult who would leave his home and live on those vacated lands in Atlantic Canada. Cape Sable Island was well known to Cape Cod fishermen and they moved north in 1760 to take advantage of a new life. The Cape Sable settlement soon became, and remains today, an important base for inshore fisheries. It is famous as the birthplace of the Cape Islander fishing boat, a motor fishing boat which emerged about 1905. Ferry service provided transportation to the island in the early 20th century. A causeway was eventually constructed for pedestrian and automobile traffic, opening on August 5, 1949. Today the lobster fishery is the island&#39;s biggest industry.</p><br>
<h3>American Revolution</h3><br>
<h4>Raid on Cape Sable Island (1778)</h4><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, on September 4, 1778, the light infantry company of the 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants), under the command of Cpt. Ranald MacKinnon, was in the Raid of Cape Sable Island. American Privateers were threatening Cape Sable Island when the 84th Regiment arrived; they surprised the ship in the night and destroyed it. For his aggressive action, MacKinnon was praised highly by Brigadier General Eyre Massey. In response, one of his friends, Cpt. MacDonald, wrote to Major John Small, "McKinnon was embarrassed by the praise of the General and requested it not be inserted in the record since he only did his duty."</p><br>
<h2>Communities of Cape Sable Island</h2><br>
<p>The following communities are included within the Community of Cape Sable Island:</p><br>
<p>Cape Sable Island</p><br>
<p>Centreville</p><br>
<p>Clam Point</p><br>
<p>Clark&#39;s Harbour</p><br>
<p>Lower Clarks Harbour</p><br>
<p>Newellton</p><br>
<p>North East Point</p><br>
<p>South Side</p><br>
<p>Stoney Island</p><br>
<p>The Hawk</p><br>
<p>West Head</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks</h2><br>
<p>Cape Sable is the centre of a busy fishing area and an important landfall for shipping in the Age of Sail. This traffic produced many shipwrecks such as the SS Hungarian in 1862 and the schooner Codseeker in 1877.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The southern tip of Nova Scotia is mainly considered to possess an Oceanic climate, and this includes Cape Sable Island. The winters are among the mildest found anywhere in Canada, warm enough to support Araucaria araucana (Monkey Puzzle Trees) and Trachycarpus fortunei (Japanese Fan Palm Trees). Winters are also quite windy, wet and stormy. Snowfall, while significant, especially in January, is still much less than most other locations in Atlantic Canada, which commonly average over 100 inches of snow per winter season (for example, Sydney, Nova Scotia and St. John&#39;s, Newfoundland). Summers on Cape Sable Island are cool with much more stable weather when compared to winter. Due to surrounding cool ocean waters, summer thunderstorms are very rare, but low clouds and fog are common. The strong influence of the Atlantic Ocean also produces exceptionally strong seasonal lag. On average, the coldest month is February, while the warmest month is actually September, coming in slightly warmer than August. Excepting San Francisco, California, virtually no other Northern Hemisphere location has September as the warmest month on average. At Cape Sable Island, October actually is slightly warmer than June.</p><br>
<p>The island lies in the path of Noreasters, which reach maximum frequency and intensity in winter, meaning this areas wettest months on average are December and January. Tropical weather systems, including, rarely, hurricanes can occur occasionally, generally entering the area from the south or southwest, with the greatest risk in September and October. Cape Sable Island is also prone to bouts of thick fog. Over the years the Cape&#39;s storms, and the close proximity of the island to shipping routes, has led to a substantial number of shipwrecks. The most tragic was the wreck of the SS Hungarian in February 1860 with the loss of over 200 lives. A lighthouse was established at the tip of Cape Sable in the next year.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>In spite of what might seem to have been major deterrents to permanent settlement, they came and they stayed. There were shiploads of Smiths, Nickersons, Atkinsons, Crowells, Newells, Townsends, Quinlans, Rosses, Swims, Kenneys, Brannens and many others; their descendants are still present some 250 years later. Archelaus Smith settled in Centreville, Michael Swim at Swims Point in Clark’s Harbour, Newell families in Newellton, Daniel Vinton at Daniel’s Head in South Side, Ross families at Stoney Island – many of these surnames remain very common today. The Archelaus Smith Museum (1896) in Centreville, Nova Scotia is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Bird watching</h2><br>
<p>With the ocean lapping on all sides of the island, the climate is maritime - decidedly cool in summer but winters are considerably more moderate than interior parts of the province. The island is a notable birding destination, being an important migratory stopping point for birds such as the Atlantic brant and piping plover. It is this unique climate, its abundant tidal marshes and the island&#39;s geographical location on the north-south flight path of numerous migratory water fowl that has given it the international designation as an Important Bird Area. The annual brant geese fly-by during March and April is developing into a local birding event. The tens of thousands of brant make their spectacular fly by at dusk after spending the day feeding in local marshes. They spend the night bobbing in the Atlantic to the east of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Wessel Islands are a group of islands belonging to the Northern Territory of Australia. They extend in a more or less straight line from Buckingham Bay and the Napier Peninsula of Arnhem Land, and Elcho Island, to the northeast. Marchinbar Island is the largest of the group. Other islands include Elcho Island, Rimbija Island , Guluwuru, Raragala, Stevens Island, Burgunngura, Djeergaree, Yargara, Drysdale Island, Jirrgari Island, Graham Island, Alger Island, Abbott Island, and Howard Island.</p><br>
<p>Bumaga Island and Warnawi Island, both part of the Wessel Islands group, are also part of the Cunningham Islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wessel Islands constituted the homelands of the Yan-nhaŋu.</p><br>
<h3>Marchinbar coins</h3><br>
<p>In 1944, Australian soldier Morry Isenberg found nine coins buried in the sand one day while fishing when he was stationed on Marchinbar Island. In 1979 he sent these coins to be authenticated. Four of the coins were found to have come from the Dutch East India Company, while the other five were determined to be from the Kilwa Sultanate in Tanzania. Their re-examination has given rise to much speculation about how these medieval African coins came to Australia.</p><br>
<h3>European discovery and naming</h3><br>
<p>The islands were mapped and named by a Dutch expedition that sailed from Banda Neira to explore the coasts of New Guinea and the South Land following up on discoveries made in 1623 by Jan Carstensz and Willem van Colster (who named Arnhem Land after his ship Arnhem. The expedition used two small yachts that had been prefabricated in the Netherlands and were assembled on the Banda Islands, the Cleen Amsterdam and the Wesel. The ships sailed on 17 April 1636 under the command of Gerrit Thomas Pool, who was killed on New Guinea just 11 days later. The merchant Pieter Pieterszoon took over command and continued the voyage, returning to Banda. Besides the Wesel Eilanden, named after the ship, Pietersen described the Cobourg Peninsula, Melville Island (Roode hoek), and Dundas Strait (which he misidentified as a bay). 170 years later Matthew Flinders decided to retain the name of the islands, though he slightly modified it to Wessel. The cities of Arnhem and Wesel, ultimate sources of the names of Arnhem Land and Wessel Islands, are themselves only 60 km (37 miles) separated.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>Much of the population of the Wessel Islands was decimated by smallpox, introduced from Makassar, during the 1790s. By the early nineteenth century, many of the Yongnu clans had been wiped out.</p><br>
<p>During WW2, a string of observational outposts were set up along the Wessel Islands. A minesweeper, the Patricia Cam was sunk by a Japanese float plane on 22 January 1943. A Yolgnu account of the incident, and attempts to save the survivors was taken down from one of the latter, Narritjin Maymuru.</p><br>
<h2>Ecoregion</h2><br>
<p>Wessel is the name of the IBRA region based on the Islands area, as well as the commonwealth marine reserve</p><br>
<p>Enggano Island is about 100 km southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia. It is one of the 92 officially listed outlying islands of Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>Enggano is about 35 km long from east to west and about 16 km wide from north to south. Its area is 402.6 km&sup2, the average elevation is about 100 m, and the highest point is 281 m.</p><br>
<p>Politically, it is a subdistrict (kecamatan) of the North Bengkulu Regency of the Indonesian province of Bengkulu. The three largest towns on the island are Barhau, Kabuwe and Kayaapu. According to the Indonesian Kantor Statistik for Bengkulu, the island had 1420 inhabitants in 1989. This number rises, according to the Pukesmas, to 1635 by 1994, with 64% of the population claiming descent from the Engganese people.</p><br>
<h2>Villages</h2><br>
<p>There are six villages on Enggano Island, which are all located on the islands only main road, which traverses the islands northeast coast (Yoder 2011:6).</p><br>
<p>Kahayapu</p><br>
<p>Kaana</p><br>
<p>Malakoni</p><br>
<p>Apoho</p><br>
<p>Meok</p><br>
<p>Banjarsari</p><br>
<p>Malakoni, Apoho, and Meok have more Enggano natives, and the other villages have larger immigrant populations. There are ferries to Bengkulu from Kahayapu and Malakoni (Yoder 2011:6).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of the island suggests some early contact with Portuguese traders (engano means mistake), but the earliest published account is that of Cornelis de Houtman, dating from June 5, 1596, who was unable to land a boat.</p><br>
<p>In 1771, Charles Miller succeeded in landing and meeting the indigenous population.</p><br>
<p>With great difficulty and danger we beat up the whole South-west side of it, without finding any place where we could attempt to land; and we lost two anchors and had very near suffered shipwreck before we found a secure place into which we might run the vessel. At last, however we discovered a spacious harbour at the South-east end of the island and I immediately went into it in the boat, and ordered the vessel to follow me as soon as possible, for it was then a dead calm. We rowed directly into this bay; and as soon as we had got round the point of an island which lay off the harbour, we discovered all the beach covered with naked savages who were all armed with lances and clubs; and twelve canoes all full of them who, till we had passed them, had lain concealed, immediately rushed out upon me, making a horrid noise: this, you may suppose, alarmed us greatly; and as I had only one European and four black soldiers, besides the four lascars that rowed the boat. I thought it best to turn, if possible under the guns of the vessel before I ventured to speak with them.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, he met these "noble savages" and learned something of their natural, feminist, atheist and property-sharing culture.</p><br>
<p>They are a tall, well-made people; the men in general are about five feet eight or ten inches high; the women are shorter and more clumsily built. They are of a red colour, and have straight, black hair, which the men cut short, but the women let grow long, and roll up in a circle on the top of their heads very neatly. The men go entirely naked, and the women wear nothing more than a very narrow slip of plantain leaf.</p><br>
<p>They seemed to look at every thing about the vessel very attentively; but more from the motive of pilfering than from curiosity, for they watched an opportunity and unshipped the rudder of the boat, and paddled away with it.</p><br>
<p>Italian explorer Elio Modigliani visited Enggano Island between April 25 and July 13, 1891. He detailed the apparently dominant role of women in Enggano culture in LIsola delle Donne (The Island of Women), first published in 1894. The Rijksmuseum has an important collection of Enggano artifacts and their publication by Pieter J.ter Keurs reproduces Modiglianis drawings.</p><br>
<p>The population went into severe decline in the 1870s, possibly from disease. The Dutch sent medical officers to investigate. Since the island&#39;s highest point is only 281 m above sea level, it would have been severely affected by the tsunami associated with the Krakatoa eruption in 1883, as well as by the massive volcanic debris. The indigenous population never recovered and numbered only about 400 souls in the early 1960s. Therefore, the Indonesian government uses the island for rehabilitation of juvenile offenders from Java, who perform forced labor, clearing bush and constructing rice fields. As noted above, the population has recovered somewhat since that time.</p><br>
<p>The 7.9 Enggano earthquake shakes southwestern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). One-hundred and three people were killed and 2,174–2,585 were injured.</p><br>
<h2>Spaceport plans</h2><br>
<p>The Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) has proposed the island for use as a spaceport, citing its "low population and remoteness" as decisive criteria, as well as its closeness to the equator.</p><br>
<p>The regional government immediately protested the plan as environmentally problematic.</p><br>
<p>In February 2011, a plan to conduct an environmental impact study was announced, chiefly surveying avian populations.</p><br>
<h2>Enggano language</h2><br>
<p>The Enggano language, also known as Engganese, is either a lexically highly divergent Austronesian (specifically Malayo-Polynesian) language not closely related to any other, or alternatively may be a language isolate with Austronesian loans.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>There are a number of plant and animal species endemic to the island. These include the bird species Enggano scops owl, Enggano imperial pigeon, Enggano thrush, Enggano hill myna, and Enggano white-eye.</p><br>
<p>The  Slovak Republic  otherwise known as the Slovak State  was a client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945. It controlled the majority of the territory of present-day Slovakia, but without its current southern and eastern parts, which had been ceded to Hungary in 1938. The Republic bordered Germany, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Poland &ndash; and subsequently the General Government  &ndash; and Hungary.</p><br>
<p>Germany recognized the Slovak State, as did several other states, including the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, Croatian State, Serbian State, El Salvador, Estonia, Italy, Hungary, Japan, Lithuania, Manchukuo, Mengjiang, Romania, the Soviet Union, Spain, Switzerland, and the Vatican City. The majority of the Allies of World War II never recognized the existence of Slovak state. The only exception was Soviet Union who nullified its recognition after Slovakia joined the invasion of the USSR in 1941.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The official name of the country was the Slovak State (Slovak: Slovenský štát) from 14 March to 21 July 1939 (until the adoption of the Constitution), and the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika) from 21 July 1939 to its end in April 1945. The country is often referred to historically as the First Slovak Republic (Slovak: prvá Slovenská republika) to distinguish it from the contemporary (Second) Slovak Republic, Slovakia, which is not considered its legal successor state. The name "Slovak State" was used colloquially, but the term "First Slovak Republic" was used even in encyclopaedias written during Communist rule.</p><br>
<h2>Creation</h2><br>
<p>After the Munich Agreement, Slovakia gained autonomy inside Czecho-Slovakia (as the former Czechoslovakia had been renamed) and lost its southern territories to Hungary under the First Vienna Award. As the Nazi Führer Adolf Hitler was preparing a mobilisation into Czech territory and creation of his Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, he had various plans for Slovakia. German officials were initially misinformed by the Hungarians that the Slovaks wanted to join Hungary. Germany decided to make Slovakia a separate puppet state under the influence of Germany, and a potential strategic base for German attacks on Poland and other regions.</p><br>
<p>On 13 March 1939, Hitler invited Monsignor Jozef Tiso, (the Slovak ex-prime minister who had been deposed by Czechoslovak troops several days earlier), to Berlin and urged him to proclaim Slovakias independence. Hitler added that, if Tiso did not consent, he would have no interest in Slovakias fate and would leave it to the territorial claims of Hungary and Poland. During the meeting, Joachim von Ribbentrop passed on a report claiming that Hungarian troops were approaching the Slovak borders. Tiso refused to make such a decision himself, after which he was allowed by Hitler to organise a meeting of the Slovak parliament ("Diet of the Slovak Land") which would approve Slovakia&#39;s independence.</p><br>
<p>On 14 March, the Slovak parliament convened and heard Tiso&#39;s report on his discussion with Hitler as well as on a possible declaration of independence. Some of the deputies were skeptical of making such a move, among other reasons due to the fact that some worried that the Slovak state would be too small and with a strong Hungarian minority. The debate was quickly brought to a head when Franz Karmasin, leader of the German minority in Slovakia, said that any delay in declaring independence would result in Slovakia being divided between Hungary and Germany. Under these circumstances, Parliament unanimously declared Slovak independence, thus creating the first Slovak state in history.</p><br>
<h2>Slovak military</h2><br>
<h3>War with Hungary</h3><br>
<p>On 23 March 1939, Hungary, having already occupied Carpatho-Ukraine, attacked from there, and the newly established Slovak Republic was forced to cede 1,697 km² of territory with about 70,000 people to Hungary before the onset of World War II.</p><br>
<h3>Slovak forces during the campaign against Poland (1939)</h3><br>
<p>Slovakia was the only Axis nation other than Germany to take part in the Polish Campaign. With the impending German invasion of Poland planned for September 1939, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) requested the assistance of Slovakia. Although the Slovak military was only six months old, it formed a small mobile combat group consisting of a number of infantry and artillery battalions. Two combat groups were created for the campaign in Poland for use alongside the Germans. The first group was a brigade-sized formation that consisted of six infantry battalions, two artillery battalions, and a company of combat engineers, all commanded by Antonín Pulanich. The second group was a mobile formation that consisted of two battalions of combined cavalry and motorcycle recon troops along with nine motorised artillery batteries, all commanded by Gustav Malár. The two groups were organized around the headquarters of the 1st and 3rd Slovak Infantry Divisions. The two combat groups fought while pushing through the Nowy Sącz and Dukla Mountain Passes, advancing towards Dębica and Tarnów in the region of southern Poland.</p><br>
<h3>Slovak forces during the campaign against the Soviet Union</h3><br>
<p>The Slovak military participated in the war on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union. The Slovak Expeditionary Army Group of about 45,000 entered the Soviet Union shortly after the German attack. This army lacked logistic and transportation support, so a much smaller unit, the Slovak Mobile Command (Pilfousek Brigade), was formed from units selected from this force; the rest of the Slovak army was relegated to rear-area security duty. The Slovak Mobile Command was attached to the German 17th Army (as was the Hungarian Carpathian Group also) and shortly thereafter given over to direct German command, the Slovaks lacking the command infrastructure to exercise effective operational control. This unit fought with the 17th Army through July 1941, including at the Battle of Uman.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of August 1941, the Slovak Mobile Command was dissolved and instead two infantry divisions were formed from the Slovak Expeditionary Army Group. The Slovak 2nd Division was a security division, but the Slovak 1st Division was a front-line unit which fought in the campaigns of 1941 and 1942, reaching the Caucasus area with Army Group B. The Slovak 1st Division then shared the fate of the German southern forces, losing their heavy equipment in the Kuban bridgehead, then being badly mangled near Melitopol in the southern Ukraine. In June 1944, the remnant of the division, no longer considered fit for combat due to low morale, was disarmed and the personnel assigned to construction work, a fate which had already befallen the Slovak 2nd Division earlier for the same reason.</p><br>
<h3>Slovak National Uprising</h3><br>
<p>In the 1944 Slovak National Uprising, many Slovak units sided with the Slovak resistance and rebelled against Tiso&#39;s collaborationist government, while others helped German forces put the uprising down.</p><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<p>From the beginning, the Slovak Republic was under the influence of Germany. The so-called "protection treaty" (Treaty on the protective relationship between Germany and the Slovak State), signed on 23 March 1939, partially subordinated its foreign, military, and economic policy to that of Germany. The German Wehrmacht established the so-called "protection zone" in Western Slovakia in August 1939.</p><br>
<p>The Slovak-Soviet Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed at Moscow on 6 December 1940.</p><br>
<p>The most difficult foreign policy problem of the state involved relations with Hungary, which had annexed one third of Slovakias territory by the First Vienna Award of 2 November 1938, Slovakia tried to achieve a revision of the Vienna Award, but Germany did not allow it. There were also constant quarrels concerning Hungarys treatment of Slovaks living in Hungary.</p><br>
<p>Following Slovak participation in the Axis invasion of Poland in September 1939, border adjustments increased Slovakia&#39;s area at the expense of previously Polish-controlled territory in the areas of Orava and Spiš.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>85% of the inhabitants of the Slovak Republic were Slovaks, the remaining 15% were made up of Germans, Hungarians, Jews and Romani. 50% of the population were employed in agriculture. The state was divided in six counties (župy), 58 districts (okresy) and 2659 municipalities. The capital Bratislava had over 140,000 inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>The state continued the legal system of Czechoslovakia, which was modified only gradually. According to the Constitution of 1939, the "President" (Jozef Tiso) was the head of the state, the "Assembly/Diet of the Slovak Republic" elected for five years was the highest legislative body (no general elections took place, however), and the "State Council" performed the duties of a senate. The government with eight ministries was the executive body.</p><br>
<p>The Slovak Republic was an authoritarian state where the German pressure resulted in the adoption of many elements of German Nazism. Some historians characterized the Slovak regime from 1939 to 1945 as clerical fascism. The government issued a number of antisemitic laws, prohibiting the Jews from participation in public life, and later supported their deportation to concentration camps erected by Germany on Polish territory. The only political parties permitted were the dominant Hlinkas Slovak Peoples Party and two smaller openly fascist parties, these being the Hungarian National Party which represented the Hungarian minority and the German Party which represented the German minority.</p><br>
<p>On the other hand, the existence of the Slovak Republic had some noticeable positive effects for the country&#39;s economy, science, education and culture. The Slovak Academy of Sciences was founded in 1942, a number of new universities and high schools were established, and Slovak literature and culture flourished.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative divisions</h2><br>
<p>The Slovak Republic was divided into 6 counties and 58 districts as of 1 January 1940. The extant population records are from the same time:</p><br>
<p>Bratislava county (Bratislavská župa), 3,667 km², with 455,728 inhabitants, and 6 districts: Bratislava, Malacky, Modra, Senica, Skalica, and Trnava.</p><br>
<p>Nitra county (Nitrianska župa), 3,546 km², with 335,343 inhabitants, and 5 districts: Hlohovec, Nitra, Prievidza, Topoľčany, and Zlaté Moravce.</p><br>
<p>Trenčín county (Trenčianska župa), 5,592 km², with 516,698 inhabitants, and 12 districts: Bánovce nad Bebravou, Čadca, Ilava, Kysucké Nové Mesto, Myjava, Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Piešťany, Považská Bystrica, Púchov, Trenčín, Veľká Bytča, and Žilina.</p><br>
<p>Tatra county (Tatranská župa), 9,222 km², with 463,286 inhabitants, and 13 districts: Dolný Kubín, Gelnica, Kežmarok, Levoča, Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, Námestovo, Poprad, Ružomberok, Spišská Nová Ves, Spišská Stará Ves, Stará Ľubovňa, Trstená, and Turčiansky Svätý Martin.</p><br>
<p>Šariš-Zemplín county (Šarišsko-zemplínska župa), 7,390 km², with 440,372 inhabitants, and 10 districts: Bardejov, Giraltovce, Humenné, Medzilaborce, Michalovce, Prešov, Sabinov, Stropkov, Trebišov, and Vranov nad Topľou.</p><br>
<p>Hron county (Pohronská župa), 8,587 km², with 443,626 inhabitants, and 12 districts: Banská Bystrica, Banská Štiavnica, Brezno nad Hronom, Dobšiná, Hnúšťa, Kremnica, Krupina, Lovinobaňa, Modrý Kameň, Nová Baňa, Revúca, and Zvolen.</p><br>
<h2>The Holocaust</h2><br>
<p>Soon after independence and along with mass exile and deportation of Czechs, the Slovak Republic began a series of measures aimed against the Jews in the country. The Hlinka&#39;s Guard began to attack Jews, and the "Jewish Code" was passed in September 1941. Resembling the Nuremberg Laws, the code required that Jews wear a yellow armband, and were banned from intermarriage and many jobs. By October 1941, 15,000 Jews were expelled from Bratislava; many were sent to labour camps.</p><br>
<p>The Slovak Republic was one of the countries to agree to deport its Jews as part of the Nazi Final Solution. Originally, the Slovak government tried to make a deal with Germany in October 1941 to deport its Jews as a substitute for providing Slovak workers to help the war effort. After the Wannsee Conference, the Germans agreed to the Slovak proposal, and a deal was reached where the Slovak Republic would pay for each Jew deported, and, in return, Germany promised that the Jews would never return to the republic. The initial terms were for "20,000 young, strong Jews", but the Slovak government quickly agreed to a German proposal to deport the entire population for "evacuation to territories in the East" meaning to Auschwitz-Birkenau.</p><br>
<p>The deportations of Jews from Slovakia started on 25 March 1942, but halted on 20 October 1942 after a group of Jewish citizens, led by Gisi Fleischmann and Rabbi Michael Ber Weissmandl, built a coalition of concerned officials from the Vatican and the government, and, through a mix of bribery and negotiation, was able to stop the process. By then, however, some 58,000 Jews had already been deported, mostly to Auschwitz. Slovak government officials filed complaints against Germany, when it became clear that many of the previously deported Slovak Jews had been gassed in mass executions.</p><br>
<p>Jewish deportations resumed on 30 September 1944, when the Soviet army reached the Slovak border, and the Slovak National Uprising took place. As a result of these events, Germany decided to occupy all of Slovakia and the country lost its independence. During the German occupation, another 13,500 Jews were deported and 5,000 were imprisoned. Deportations continued until 31 March 1945. In all, German and Slovak authorities deported about 70,000 Jews from Slovakia; about 65,000 of them were murdered or died in concentration camps. The overall figures are inexact, partly because many Jews did not identify themselves, but one 2006 estimate is that approximately 105,000 Slovak Jews, or 77% of their pre-war population, died during the war.</p><br>
<h2>SS plans for Slovakia</h2><br>
<p>Although the official policy of the Nazi regime was in favour of an independent Slovak state dependent on Germany and was opposed to any annexations of Slovak territory, Heinrich Himmler&#39;s SS considered ambitious population policy options concerning the German minority of Slovakia, which numbered circa 130,000 people. In 1940, Günther Pancke, head of the SS RuSHA ("Race and Settlement Office") undertook a study trip in Slovak lands where ethnic Germans were present, and reported to Himmler that the Slovak Germans were in danger of disappearing. Pancke recommended that action should be taken to fuse the racially valuable part of the Slovaks into the German minority and remove the Gypsy and Jewish populations. He stated that this would be possible by "excluding" the Hungarian minority of the country, and by settling some 100,000 ethnic German families to Slovakia. The racial core of this Germanization policy was to be gained from the Hlinka Guard, which was to be further integrated into the SS in the near future.</p><br>
<h2>Leaders and politicians</h2><br>
<h3>President</h3><br>
<p>Jozef Tiso (14 March 1939 - 3 April 1945)</p><br>
<h3>Prime Ministers</h3><br>
<p>Jozef Tiso (14 March 1939 – 29 October 1939)</p><br>
<p>Vojtech "Béla" Tuka (29 October 1939 – 5 September 1944)</p><br>
<p>Štefan Tiso (5 September 1944 – 3 April 1945)</p><br>
<h3>Commanders of German occupation forces</h3><br>
<p>Ogruf. Gottlob Christian Berger (29 August 1944 – 20 September 1944)</p><br>
<p>Ogruf. Hermann Höfle (20 September 1944 – 3 April 1945)</p><br>
<h3>Commanders of Soviet occupation forces</h3><br>
<p>G.A. Ivan Yefimovich Petrov (6 August 1944 – 24 March 1945)</p><br>
<p>G.A. Andrey Ivanovich Yeryomenko (25 April 1945 – July 1945)</p><br>
<h2>End of the Slovak Republic</h2><br>
<p>After the anti-Nazi Slovak National Uprising in August 1944, the Germans occupied the country (from September 1944), which thereby lost much of its independence. The German troops were gradually pushed out by the Red Army, by Romanian and by Czechoslovak troops coming from the east. The liberated territories became de facto part of Czechoslovakia again.</p><br>
<p>The First Slovak Republic ceased to exist de facto on 4 April 1945 when the Red Army captured Bratislava and occupied all of Slovakia. De jure it ceased to exist when the exiled Slovak government capitulated to General Walton Walker leading the XX Corps of the 3rd US Army on 8 May 1945 in the Austrian town of Kremsmünster. In summer 1945, the captured former president and members of former government were handed over to Czechoslovak authorities.</p><br>
<p>Several prominent Slovak politicians escaped to neutral countries. Following his captivity, the deposed president Jozef Tiso authorized the former foreign minister Ferdinand Ďurčanský as his successor. Ďurčanský, Tisos personal secretary Karol Murín, and cousin Fraňo Tiso were appointed by ex-president Tiso as the representatives of the Slovak nation, however they failed to create a government-in-exile as no country recognized them. In the 1950s with fellow Slovak nationalist they established Slovak Action Committee (later Slovak Liberation Committee) which unsuccessfully advocated the restoration of the independent Slovak State and the renewal of war against the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the creation of the Slovak republic, the Slovak Liberation Committee proclaimed Tisos authorization as obsolete.</p><br>
<p>A mountain in north-central Crete, Mount Juktas , also spelled Iuktas, Iouktas, or Ioukhtas, was an important religious site for the Minoan civilization. Located a few kilometers from the palaces of Knossos and Fourni and the megaron at Vathypetro, Mount Juktas was the site of an important peak sanctuary in the Minoan world. At the base of Juktas, at Anemospilia, is a site that has suggested to some that the Minoans practiced human sacrifice, but the evidence is currently somewhat in question.</p><br>
<h2>Peak Sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>Mount Juktas is the site of one of the most important peak sanctuaries in the Minoan world, and probably the first of them. Archaeologists have studied the site over an extensive period, examining fragments of pottery, remains of walls, and some unique kinds of stone that must have been hauled up the mountain because they do not otherwise occur there.</p><br>
<p>The mountain remains important in the religious life of the people of the area to this day &ndash; a Greek Orthodox chapel is located about a kilometer south of the sanctuary along the ridge of the mountain. Every year, people from towns down in the plains below Mount Juktas bring flowers in procession to the chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Juktas was first excavated in 1909 by Sir Arthur Evans. It can be regarded as an adjunct archaeological site to the important Knossos site a few kilometres distant. Among the finds at the Juktas Minoan peak sanctuary were clay human and animal figurines, stone horns, stone altars, bronze double axes, and both bowls and tables with Linear A inscriptions. See references for a more comprehensive inventory. Pottery sherds from the site date back as far as Middle Minoan IA.</p><br>
<p>Chonos Archipelago is a series of low mountainous elongated islands with deep bays, traces of a submerged Chilean Coast Range. Most of the islands are forested with little or no human settlement. The deep Moraleda Channel separates the islands of the Chonos Archipelago from the mainland of Chile and from Magdalena Island.</p><br>
<p>The largest islands are Melchor Island, Benjamin Island, Traiguen Island, Riveros Island, Cuptana Island, James Island, Victoria Island, Simpson Island (Chile), Level Island, Luz Island.</p><br>
<p>Far out in the Pacific is Guamblin Island with the Isla Guamblin National Park. The National park comprises about 106 km². Blue whales can often be seen here.</p><br>
<p>Some groups of islands are grouped into minor archipelagoes such as the Guaitecas Archipelago. Guaitecas Archipelago have its own municipality and possesses the only settlement in the archipelago, Melinka. All islands are part of the Aisén Region.</p><br>
<p>Hollin Hills is a neighborhood in Hybla Valley, Virginia, though much of the neighborhood  was transferred to the Fort Hunt CDP for census purposes prior to 2010. It has about 450 houses conceived and built by builder Robert C. Davenport, and designed by D.C.-based architect Charles M. Goodman  and landscape architect Dan Kiley.</p><br>
<p>Hollin Hills is next to other neighborhoods such as Villamay and Mason Hill, just south of Alexandria in the South Alexandria section of Fairfax County, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Charles M. Goodman and developed by Robert Davenport in the 1940s, Hollin Hills brought contemporary construction to northern Virginia. The community was one of the first post-World-War-II developments around Washington, D.C., and it is known primarily for its modern architecture, which remains very cohesive because of a design review committee that advises on building or modification of existing houses.</p><br>
<p>The name of Hollin Hills was intended as a variation of the 18th-century Hollin Hall Plantation, originally owned by George Mason, one of the founding fathers, known as the “Father of the Bill of Rights.” General Mason named his lands after an English estate of his mother’s family. Some of the Hollin Hall plantation buildings still stand on Sherwood Hall Lane.</p><br>
<p>While planning the community, architect Goodman and landscape architect Dan Kiley designed each home with lots no smaller than one-third of an acre. During construction, many trees were retained to block sight lines, and houses were built at angles to ensure privacy. The popularity of the homes, which feature huge expanses of glass, established Goodman as a nationally acclaimed guru of modern architecture. Davenport named some streets to complement the community name, while others were named after family members: Martha&#39;s Road for his mother and Rebecca Drive for his daughter. Elba Road was named after one of his prize bulls.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>Hollin Hills has won many awards, beginning with the Revere Quality House award from the Southwest Research Institute in 1950 and including two 1982 Test of Time awards from the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects, for houses on Stafford Road.</p><br>
<p>Hollin Hills is on the Fairfax County, Virginia, Inventory of Historic Sites.</p><br>
<p>Hollin Hills was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register in late June 2013. The Board of the Civic Association of Hollin Hills (CAHH) sought a National Register of Historic Places national historic district designation for the neighborhood, which was granted in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Hollin Hills Historic District encompasses 468 contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and three contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Over the decades, Hollin Hills has attracted artists, politicians, and political liberals. Notable residents include former CBS newsman Eric Sevareid, former USA Representative James G. O&#39;Hara (1925–1989), United States Senator Pat Roberts, singer Roberta Flack, architect Michael Sorkin and the production designers for Mad Men, Dan Bishop and Jeremy Conway.</p><br>
<p>St. Anastasia Island  is a Bulgarian islet in the Black Sea. It is located 1.5 km off the coast near Chernomorets, at 12 metres above sea level, and covers a territory of one hectare. It is the only inhabited island off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast.</p><br>
<p>The island is supplied with electricity and drinking water. It is named after the former St. Anastasia convent located on it. The convent had existed since the Middle Ages and was reconstructed during the 18th-19th century. It has been abandoned since 1923, when the island was transformed into a prison.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, a group of 43 political prisoners (communists and anti-fascists), led by Teohar Bakardzhiev, revolted and escaped from the island, subsequently fleeing to the Soviet Union. In their honor, the island was renamed Bolshevik Island when the communists came into power in 1945. Bulgarian film director Rangel Valchanov based his 1958 film On The Small Island ("На малкия остров") on this event.</p><br>
<p>A Bulgarian Burgas-based weekly newspaper, Factor, reported in 2006 that the Movement for Rights and Freedoms leader, Ahmed Dogan, visited the island and expressed desire to privatize it. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church, however, which claims the island is its property, would hear none of this.</p><br>
<p>Today, in addition to the monastery with its church, there is a lighthouse situated on the island, as well as a museum, a restaurant, a small quay, a conference hall and two guesthouses with a total of five rooms available to tourists. In the summer, the island is accessible from Burgas via boat services running back and forth multiple times a day.</p><br>
<p>Old City is a historic neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia, in the area near the Delaware River where William Penn and the Quakers first settled. To tourists, it is best known as the site of Independence Hall and its encompassing Independence National Historical Park, Elfreths Alley, Carpenters Hall, the Betsy Ross House, and many of Philadelphia&#39;s other historic sites.</p><br>
<p>The Old City District occupies several blocks between Front and Sixth Streets, bounded by Vine Street to the north and Walnut Street to the south. The Philadelphia Almanac and Citizens&#39; Manual gives a larger set of boundaries to the Old City area, defined as the area within Spring Garden Street, 4th Street, the Delaware River, and Walnut Street. The Old City Redevelopment Area is bounded by Vine Street, the Delaware River, Lombard Street and 7th Street.</p><br>
<p>The Old City Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 2003, it was added to the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Old City is home to the oldest continually inhabited street in America, Elfreth&#39;s Alley, Home to more than 3,000 people since 1702, the street today holds 32 houses built between 1728 and 1836.</p><br>
<h2>Places of note</h2><br>
<p>Girard Fountain Park</p><br>
<p>Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the USA Constitution were drafted and signed</p><br>
<p>Liberty Bell</p><br>
<p>National Constitution Center</p><br>
<p>National Museum of American Jewish History</p><br>
<p>Penn&#39;s Landing</p><br>
<h2>Business and commerce</h2><br>
<p>Old City is one of the city&#39;s popular nightlife destinations, with lounges, dive bars, and quality restaurants, mostly along the three blocks from 3rd and Market streets to Front and Chestnut streets. The 3rd Street Corridor, between Market Street and Vine Street, is home to galleries, boutiques, and other locally owned businesses. Landmark Theatres operates three Ritz movie theaters in the area that specialize in art films. During the popular monthly First Friday event, shops hold evening-hours open houses featuring art, design, and fashion. Since 2010, tech firms have moved to the area as well.</p><br>
<h2>Government and infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The Federal Bureau of Prisons Northeast Region Office is in the USA Custom House, a part of the Independence National Historical Park, in Old City.</p><br>
<h2>Consulates</h2><br>
<p>Many foreign governments have consulates in Old City, including Panama (124 Chestnut Street), Italy (1026 Public Ledger Building at 150 South Independence Mall West), and Mexico (111 South Independence Mall East). The Dominican Republic closed its consulate in the Lafayette Building at 437 Chestnut Street on November 7, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Old City children are assigned to schools in the School District of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to the General George A. McCall School for grades Kindergarten through 8.</p><br>
<p>All persons assigned to McCall are assigned to Benjamin Franklin High School in North Philadelphia. Previously Old City was assigned to Furness High School.</p><br>
<p>The Mastery Charter Schools system operates the Mastery Charter Lenfest Campus (7-12) in Old City. It moved from North Philadelphia to Old City in 2002.</p><br>
<h3>Public libraries</h3><br>
<p>The Free Library of Philadelphia operates its Independence Branch at 18 South 7th Street.</p><br>
<h2>Historic congregations in Old City</h2><br>
<p>Christ Church (1695)</p><br>
<p>Arch Street Meeting (1701)</p><br>
<p>Old First Reformed Church (1727)</p><br>
<p>Congregation Mikveh Israel (1740)</p><br>
<p>Old St. George&#39;s Church (1767)</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine&#39;s Church (1796)</p><br>
<p>Seamen&#39;s Church Institute (1843)</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>In National Treasure (2004), Nicholas Cage&#39;s character runs across the roof of Independence Hall.</p><br>
<p>In Shooter (2007), Mark Wahlberg&#39;s character is set-up for the shooting of the Ethiopian archbishop at Independence Mall.</p><br>
<p>The Cantabrian Mountains or Cantabrian Range  are one of the main systems of mountain ranges in Spain.</p><br>
<p>They stretch for over 300 km (180 miles) across northern Spain, from the western limit of the Pyrenees to the Galician Massif in Galicia, along the coast of the Cantabrian Sea. Their easternmost end meets the Sistema Ibérico.</p><br>
<p>These mountains are a distinct physiographic province of the larger Alpine System physiographic division.</p><br>
<p>The Cantabrian Mountains offer a wide range of trails for hiking, as well as many challenging climbing routes. Skiing is possible in the ski resorts of Alto Campoo, Valgrande-Pajares and Manzaneda.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Cantabrian Mountains stretch east-west, nearly parallel to the sea, as far as the pass of Leitariegos, also extending south between León and Galicia. The range&#39;s western boundary is marked by the valley of the river Miño (Minho), by the lower Sil, which flows into the Miño, and by the Cabrera River, a small tributary of the Sil. Cantabrian mountains reach its south-western limit in Portugal.</p><br>
<p>As a whole, the Cantabrian Mountains are remarkable for their intricate ramifications, but almost everywhere, and especially in the east, it is possible to distinguish two principal ranges, from which the lesser ridges and mountain masses radiate. One range, or series of ranges, closely follows the outline of the coast; the other, which is loftier, forms the northern limit of the great tableland of Castile and León, and is sometimes regarded as a continuation of the Pyrenees. In some parts the coastal range rises sheer above the sea, and everywhere has so abrupt a declivity that the streams which flow seaward are all short and swift.</p><br>
<p>The descent from the southern range to the high plateaux of Castile is more gradual, and several large rivers, notably the Ebro, rise here and flow to the south or west. The breadth of the Cantabrian chain, with all its ramifications, increases from about 60 mi (97 km); in the east to about 115 mi (185 km) in the west. Many peaks are over 6000 ft high, but the greatest altitudes are attained in the central ridges on the borders of León, Asturias, Palencia and Cantabria. Here are the highest peak Torre de Cerredo (8,688 ft), Peña Vieja (8,579 ft), Peña Prieta (8,304 ft) and Espigüete (7,898 ft); an unnamed summit in the Picos de Europa, to which range the Peña Vieja also belongs, rises on the right bank of the Sella to a height of 8,045 ft; further west the peaks of Manpodres, Peña Ubiña, Peña Rubia and Cuiña all exceed 7,000 ft. A conspicuous feature of the chain, as of the adjacent tableland, is the number of its parameras, isolated plateaus shut in by lofty mountains or even by precipitous walls of rock.</p><br>
<p>The Cantabrian Mountains make a sharp divide between "Green Spain" to the north, and the dry central plateau. The north facing slopes receive heavy cyclonic rainfall from the Bay of Biscay, whereas the southern slopes are in rain shadow.</p><br>
<h2>Main ranges</h2><br>
<p>The Cantabrian Range has three very distinct sections from west to east:</p><br>
<h3>Western</h3><br>
<p>The Asturian Massif and its foothills. Geologically it is an eastern prolongation of the Galician Massif with Paleozoic folds. It is cut by deep east-west oriented canyons such as the Cares River valley. Highest point Torre de Cerredo 2,648 m.</p><br>
<p>Sierra de la Bobia, Pico de la Bobia 1,201 m</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Tineo, Mulleiroso 1,241 m, a northern foothill located near Tineo</p><br>
<p>Sierra de San Isidro, Campo de La Vaga 1,078 m</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Eirelo, Pena dos Ladróis 800 m</p><br>
<p>Sierra del Sueve, Picu Pienzu 1,161 m, a northern foothill west of the Sella River</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Cuera, Pico Turbina 1,315 m, anorthern foothill located at the eastern end of Asturias</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Quintanal, running transversally on the eastern side of the Narcea River</p><br>
<p>Other ranges of the Asturian Massif are: Sierra del Aramo, Sierra de Pando, Sierra de Caniellas, Sierra de Rañadoiro, Loma de Parrondo, Sierra de San Mamés, Sierra de Serrantina, Sierra de la Zarza, Sierra de Degaña, Sierra del Acebo, Sierra de Sobia, Cordal de Lena, Sierra de Casomera, Porrones de Moneo, and Cordal de Ponga</p><br>
<h3>Central</h3><br>
<p>The main mountains of this zone are the massive Picos de Europa. They are composed of Carboniferous limestone and marl. The Paramo de Masa and La Lora grasslands are located in the south crossed by the Rudrón Valley.</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Covadonga, west of the Picos de Europa</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Dobros, north of the Picos de Europa</p><br>
<p>The Picos de Europa are divided into three sectors or massifs:</p><br>
<p>Cornión Massif in the west, Torre Santa 2,596 m</p><br>
<p>Urrieles Massif in the center, Torrecerredo 2,650 m</p><br>
<p>Ándara Massif in the east, Morra de Lechugales 2,444 m</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Liencres, a coastal range, another northern foothill</p><br>
<p>Sierra Nedrina</p><br>
<p>Mountain ranges in Cantabria, located further east:</p><br>
<p>Fuentes Carrionas Massif, Peña Prieta 2,536 m, close to the eastern end of the Picos de Europa</p><br>
<p>Sierra Cocón above Tresviso</p><br>
<p>Sierra del Escudo de Cabuérniga, a northern foothill of the system, located between the main ridges and the sea</p><br>
<p>Sierra de la Gándara, Peña Cabarga 537 m, a lower northern foothill located further east</p><br>
<p>Montes de Ucieda</p><br>
<p>Alto del Gueto</p><br>
<p>Sierra de la Matanza</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Peña Sagra, Peña Sagra 2,046 m</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Peña Labra, Pico Tres Mares 2,175 m and Peña Labra 2,006 m</p><br>
<p>Sierra del Cordel in the Saja and Nansa Comarca</p><br>
<p>Sierra del Escudo, between Campoo de Yuso and Luena</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Híjar, foothills located in the high plateau at the southeastern end of the central zone</p><br>
<p>*Valdecebollas</p><br>
<p>Sierra del Hornijo, Mortillano 1,410</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Breñas, foothill running perpendicular to the coast</p><br>
<p>Montes de Pas, Castro Valnera 1,707 m in the transition area to the Basque Mountains</p><br>
<h3>Eastern</h3><br>
<p>The Basque Mountains at the eastern end of the system, with very eroded Mesozoic folds and ranges of moderate height:</p><br>
<p>Inner ranges:</p><br>
<p>Sierra Salbada (Orduña)</p><br>
<p>Mounts of Gasteiz, Kapildui 1,177 m</p><br>
<p>Izki</p><br>
<p>Urbasa, Baiza 1,183 m</p><br>
<p>Andía, with the impressive Beriain 1,493 m</p><br>
<p>Coastal ranges:</p><br>
<p>Gorbea (Gorbeia) 1,481 m</p><br>
<p>Urkiola, Anboto 1,331 m</p><br>
<p>Elgea</p><br>
<p>Aizkorri, Aitxuri 1,551 m, highest peak in the Basque Mountains</p><br>
<p>Altzania, Aratz 1,442 m</p><br>
<p>Aralar, Txindoki 1,346 m</p><br>
<p>Other important mountains close to the sea include Ganekogorta, Oiz, Sollube, Arrate, Kalamua and Hernio</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Cantabrian Mountains are home to an important variety of plant life, as well as the Cantabrian brown bear (Ursus arctos pyrenaicus), catalogued as being in danger of extinction, which extends from Asturias (the region where its population is bigger) to areas in Léon, Palencia and Cantabria, and the Cantabrian Capercaillie (T. urogallus cantabricus).</p><br>
<p>Other animals associated with the range include the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) and the rebeco, or Cantabrian chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva).</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>The Cantabrian mountain range includes several protected areas such as the Picos de Europa National Park, which is one of several Cantabrian parks included in UNESCOs World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Some of the sites are included in the European Unions Natura 2000 network and Special Protection Areas for the Conservation of Wild Birds.</p><br>
<p>Picos de Europa National Park</p><br>
<p>Muniellos Nature Reserve</p><br>
<p>Natural Park of Fuentes del Narcea, Degaña e Ibias</p><br>
<p>Redes Natural Park</p><br>
<p>Somiedo Natural Park</p><br>
<p>Protected Landscape Area of Sierra del Sueve</p><br>
<p>Natural Park of Fuentes Carrionas and Fuente Cobre-Montaña Palentina</p><br>
<p>Saja-Besaya Natural Park</p><br>
<p>Collados del Asón Natural Park</p><br>
<p>Ojo Guareña</p><br>
<p>The Mokau River is located in the North Island of New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>The river rises as a spring in the Pureora Forest, south of Te Kuiti, on the slopes of the Rangitoto Range. After briefly following a north-westward course, it turns south-westwards and flows for 158 km through the Waitomo District of the King Country. It enters the North Taranaki Bight at its mouth at the town of Mokau.</p><br>
<p>Although the rivermouth is enclosed by a large sandbar, with a high tide, larger vessels can pass safely and enter the river, which is navigable for 37 km upstream. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the banks of the river were host to a thriving industry of logging and coal-mining. However, the risks and costs of transporting goods down the Mokau eventually ended such enterprise.</p><br>
<p>Today the river is a popular whitebaiting and kayaking location.</p><br>
<p>Anmer Hall is a Georgian country house in the village of Anmer in Norfolk, England. It is about 12 mi north east of Kings Lynn, about 2 mi east of the Queen&#39;s residence at Sandringham and about 2 mi west of Houghton Hall. Anmer Hall was a wedding gift to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge from the Queen.</p><br>
<p>The current house was built in the 18th century and has formed part of the Sandringham estate since 1898. The house was registered as a Grade II* listed building in 1984 but was later de-listed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current late-Georgian house dates from the 18th century, although it may be built around an earlier core. It has two storeys and attic with dormer windows. The long south front comprises 13 bays, and was refaced with red bricks c. 1815. It has 13 ground-floor windows set in blank arches and a semicircular porch on two Tuscan columns, with 11 windows on the first floor. The three central bays are topped by a pediment. The north front is of rubble carstone and includes four c. 17th century ogee-headed sashes on the first floor. Renovations c. 1900 added a brick dressed skin to the north front, together with a projecting entrance porch and a tower towards the eastern end, in the corner formed with a carstone service wing also added c. 1900.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding estate became a scheduled ancient monument in 2003, and includes earthworks marking the sites of buildings from the medieval village of Anmer. The village church, St Mary, lies close to the house, but a short distance away from the modern village.</p><br>
<h2>Occupants</h2><br>
<p>Anmer Hall was the seat of the Coldham family from at least 1705. The Sandringham estate was bought by Queen Victoria in 1862 as a wedding present for the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, and neighbouring land was added to the estate in the subsequent years.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, the estate was purchased at auction for £25,000 by the famed serial fraudster Ernest Terah Hooley before his first bankruptcy. The Prince had attempted to purchase the property prior to Hooleys acquisition. Through an intermediary, the Prince asked Hooley that he be allowed to purchase it from him, ostensibly for his daughter Maud. Hooley agreed, allowing him to buy it at cost in 1898. It has been alleged that a motivation for the Princes action was to avoid the possibility of Hooleys business promoter Alexander Meyrick Broadley, whom the Prince had earlier forced from Society, from becoming a constant guest on the estate, and therefore near-neighbour. Together with the Princes eldest son and an equerry, Broadley had been implicated in the Cleveland Street Scandal.</p><br>
<p>Anmer Hall was leased to John Loader Maffey, 1st Baron Rugby (1877–1969), who was to become Governor-General of the Sudan, Permanent Secretary of the Colonial Office and wartime Ambassador to Dublin. His daughter Penelope (1910–2005) socialised with the Royal Family, and was reportedly a favourite of King George V.</p><br>
<p>From 1972 to 1990, the house was leased to the Duke and Duchess of Kent as their country house. In February 1990, the Duke and Duchess of Kent left Anmer Hall, moving to Crocker End House in Nettlebed in Oxfordshire. From 1990 to 2000, it was rented by Hugh van Cutsem (1941–2013). It was then leased to the family of James Everett, owner of kitchen timber company Norfolk Oak.</p><br>
<p>In January 2013, it was reported that the Queen had allocated Anmer Hall for use by William, Duke of Cambridge, his wife Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge and family. The lease to the Everett family was terminated early, before its expiry in 2017, to allow redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>To accommodate the Duke and Duchess using the house as their main residence whilst William worked as a pilot for East Anglian Air Ambulance, a £1.5 million refurbishment programme was put in place. Paid for from private Royal family funds, this included: a complete new roof; new kitchen; the addition of a conservatory designed by architect Charles Morris (who previously designed extensions to Highgrove House); complete internal redecoration; and an extensive tree-planting programme to afford the Duke and Duchess greater privacy.</p><br>
<p>The Coso Volcanic Field is located in Inyo County, California, at the western edge of the Basin and Range geologic province and northern region of the Mojave Desert. The Fossil Falls are part of the Coso Field, created by the prehistoric Owens River. They are within the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake and northeast of Little Lake and USA Route 395.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Initiation of volcanism at Coso preceded the onset of Basin and Range crustal extension there, as expressed by normal faulting. The earlier of the two principal periods of volcanism began with the emplacement of basalt flows over a surface of little relief. Then, during the ensuing period of approximately 1.5 million years, eruptive activity included chemically more evolved rocks erupted upon a faulted terrain of substantial relief. Following a 1.5-million-year hiatus with few eruptions, a bimodal volcanic field of basalt lava flows and rhyolite lava domes and flows developed on Basin and Range terrain of essentially the same form as today&#39;s landscape. Many of the young basalt flows are intercanyon, occupying parts of the present-day drainage system.</p><br>
<p>The Coso Volcanic Field is best known for its Pleistocene rhyolite. Thirty-eight rhyolite domes and flows form an elongate array atop a north-trending 8 x 20-kilometer horst of Mesozoic bedrock. Nearby uneroded constructional forms are exhibited by most domes. Many are nested within tuff ring craters, and a few filled and overrode their craters to feed flows a kilometer or two long. The two oldest domes contain several percent phenocrysts; the rest are essentially aphyric. Obsidian is exposed locally on most extrusions, and analyses of fresh glass indicate that all of the rhyolite is of the so-called high-silica variety; SiO2 content is essentially constant at 77 percent. Other major-element constituents are nearly invariant. However, trace-element contents vary and help define 7 age groups, each of unique chemical composition.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistoric exploitation</h2><br>
<p>Obsidian from the Coso Volcanic Fields was heavily exploited by Native American Coso People to make knives, projectile points, and the like (Hughes 1998). The chief period of exploitation was between approximately 3000 and 1000 years ago, when people mined obsidian by constructing benches in hillsides and digging deep pits to access raw materials (Elston and Zeier 1984; Gilreath and Hildebrand 1997). Obsidian from the volcanic fields was traded all the way to the California coast in San Diego, San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara, California, and throughout the Mojave Desert and regions further east. Archaeologists recognize at least four different geochemical subsources: Sugarloaf, West Sugarloaf, Joshua Ridge, and West Cactus Peak. These different subsources were used to varying degrees in different time periods, but the Sugarloaf and West Sugarloaf were the most commonly exploited geochemical types (Eerkens and Rosenthal 2004; Ericson and Glascock 2004).</p><br>
<h2>Geothermal power</h2><br>
<p>The Coso Volcanic Field is also well known as a geothermal area. Fumaroles are present along faults bounding the rhyolite-capped horst and locally within the rhyolite field. A multi-disciplinary program of geothermal assessment carried out in the 1970s defined a potential resource of 650 megawatts electric with a nominal life span of 30 years. Judged by the youthfulness of the rhyolite lavas and by a zone of low seismic velocity crust roughly beneath the rhyolite, a magma body may be the source of thermal energy for the geothermal system.</p><br>
<p>Commercial power development began in the 1980s. Located within the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake Station near Ridgecrest, California, power plants at the Coso Geothermal was operated by Caithness Energy, LLC (Reno, Nevada) and sold in 2006. It currently produces 270 MW from four geothermal power plants. More than 100 wells have been drilled throughout the field, with production depths from 2,000 to 12,000 feet (610 to 3,700 m), and temperatures from 200° to 350 °C. Coso began generating electricity in 1987. Since then, improvements have resulted in more efficient use of the resource.</p><br>
<h2>Seismicity</h2><br>
<p>The Coso Volcanic Field is one of the most seismically active regions in the United States, producing dozens of tremors in the M1 and M2 range each week. Tremors in the M3 range occur at a rate of 2–6 per month and M4 quakes occur two-three times each year. Recent activity in the M5 range happened in 1996 and 1998 when tremors of M5.3, M5.1, M5.2, and M5.0 occurred within a day of each other. These tremors were actually recorded along the eastern side of the Coso Volcanic Field, 15 miles (24 km). September 30, 2009 to October 6, 2009 there have been 429 earthquakes ranging from 0.1 up to a 5.2. Some days have activity at about one tremor every minute. On October 2, 2009 there were three earthquakes, (5.2, 4.7, and a 4.9), all within one hour of each other.</p><br>
<p>Earthquake swarms are common in the Coso area, often producing hundreds of tremors over periods of time as short as a few days. This kind of brisk and robust seismic activity is common in volcanic areas, such as Long Valley Caldera located near Mammoth Lakes, and Yellowstone Caldera at Yellowstone. The Coso Volcanic Field shows stunning examples of volcanic activity, probably last active 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, but ash emission and small cone building episodes may be Holocene (&gt;10,000 years) in age.</p><br>
<p>Monte Soratte  is a mountain ridge in the province of Rome, Italy. It is a narrow, isolated limestone ridge with a length of 5.5 km and six peaks. Located some 10 km south east of Civita Castellana and c. 45 km north of Rome, it is the sole notable ridge in the Tiber Valley. The nearest settlement is the village of Sant&#39;Oreste. Saint Orestes or Edistus, after whom the settlement is named, is said to have been martyred near Monte Soratte.</p><br>
<p>The highest summit is 691 m above sea-level. The ridge is part of a 444 hectare Natural Reserve housing a variety of vegetation and fauna. It is also characterized by the so-called Meri, pits which can be up to 115 m deep.</p><br>
<h2>History and sights</h2><br>
<p>The area was used by the ancient Italic peoples of the area (Sabines, Capenates, Falisci) and the Etruscan civilization for the cult of the God Soranus. Mount Soratte was mentioned by Horace ("vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte?" Carm. i. 9), and Virgil, who stated that Apollo was its guardian deity.</p><br>
<p>The hermitage of St. Sylvester is just below the summit. According to a legend, its church was founded by Pope Sylvester, who had taken refuge there to escape Constantine&#39;s persecution. The church houses 14th- and 15th-century frescoes. Another four hermitages are on the ridge.</p><br>
<p>The church of Santa Maria delle Grazie was built in 1835 over a pre-existing 16th-century edifice and houses a once highly venerated image of the Madonna.</p><br>
<p>Johann Wolfgang von Goethe mentioned the peak in Italian Journey, his diary of his travels through Italy from 1786–1788. He wrote that "Soracte stands out by itself in magnificent solitude. Probably this mountain is made of limestone and belongs to the Apennines."</p><br>
<p>During World War II, after the 8 September 1943 Frascati air raid, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring moved his headquarters from Frascati to the bunkers in Monte Soratte.</p><br>
<p>Arkaim  is an archaeological site in Russia, situated in the steppe of the Southern Ural, 8.2 km north-to-northwest of the village of Amursky and 2.3 km south-to-southeast of the village of Alexandrovsky in the Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia, just north of the border with Kazakhstan. It was discovered in 1987 by a team of archaeologists led by Gennady Zdanovich, preventing the planned flooding of the area for the creation of a reservoir. Arkaim is attributed to the early Indo-Europeans of the Sintashta culture, which some scholars believe represents the proto-Indo-Iranians before their split into different groups and migration to Central Asia and from there to Persia and India and other parts of Eurasia .</p><br>
<p>Scholars have identified the structure of Arkaim as the cities built "reproducing the model of the universe" described in ancient Indo-European spiritual literature, the Vedas and the Avesta. The structure consists of three concentric rings of walls and three radial streets, reflecting the city of King Yima described in the Rigveda. The foundation walls and the dwellings of the second ring are built according to swastika-like patterns; the same symbol is found on various artefacts. Arkaim is designated as a "national and spiritual shrine" of Russia and has become a holy site for Rodnover, Zoroastrian and other religious movements.</p><br>
<p>The fortified citadel of Arkaim dates back to the 17th and 16th century BCE. More than twenty other structures built according to similar patterns have been found in a larger area spanning from the southern Urals&#39; region to the north of Kazakhstan, forming the so-called "Land of Towns". Artefacts found at these sites date between the 4th millennium and the 20th century BCE. In 2005, the city of Arkaim was visited by Vladimir Putin.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and salvage of the site</h2><br>
<p>In the summer of the year 1987 a team of archaeologists headed by Gennady Zdanovich was sent to examine the archaeological value of the valley at the confluence of the Bolshaya Karaganka and Utyaganka rivers, in the south of Chelyabinsk Oblast or the Southern Ural region, where the construction of a reservoir had begun the previous autumn. Some archaeological sites in the area were already known, but they had yielded little and were not considered worthy of preservation. The site would have been flooded by the spring of 1988.</p><br>
<p>On June 20, two students who took part in the expedition, Aleksandr Voronkov and Aleksandr Ezril, informed the archaeologists about weird embankments they had found in the steppe. The same evening Zdanovich announced the discovery. The latter would have proven a turning point in the debates about the original homeland of the Indo-Europeans and their migrations, which Soviet specialists had been bitterly disputing about since the 1970s. The near Sintashta culture, excavated in that decade, yielded the remains of an early chariot with horses, making apparent that the southern Urals had been a key location in the development of technology and complex civilisation. The discovery of Arkaim confirmed that assumption.</p><br>
<p>The struggle to rescue the site, was, however, tough, since the reservoir project was carried on by the then all-powerful Ministry of Water Resources of the Soviet Union. The project was scheduled for completion in 1989, but the builders intended to hasten the construction to have it built within the spring of 1988. The archaeologists did their best to mobilise public opinion for the rescue of Arkaim, initially requesting a halt of the project until 1990; academicians and public figures spoke out in their defense. In March 1989 the Praesidium of the Urals Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union formally established a scientific laboratory for the study of the ancient civilisation of Chelyabinsk Oblast, and requested to the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation to declare the site as a protected area of historical value.</p><br>
<p>In the following months the Ministry of Water Resources rapidly lost power as the Soviet Union moved towards collapse. In April 1991 the Council of Ministers officially cancelled the construction of the reservoir and declared Arkaim a "historical and geographical museum".</p><br>
<h2>Structure of Arkaim</h2><br>
<p>Arkaim was a circular stronghold, umbegone by two concentric bastions made of adobe with timber frames, and covered with unburnt clay bricks. Within the circles, close to the bastions, were around sixty dwellings with hearth, cellars, wells and metallurgical furnaces. They opened towards an inner circular street paved with wood. The street was lined by a covered drainage gutter with pits for water collection. At the centre of the complex there was a rectangular open space. The complex had four ingangs, consisting of intricately constructed passages and oriented towards the cardinal points. Evidence suggests that the complex was built according to a plan, which indicates that the society had a developed structure of roles and had leaders with great authority.</p><br>
<h3>Measures</h3><br>
<p>The settlement covered about 20,000 m&sup2;. The diameter of the enclosing wall was about 160 m, and its thickness was of 4 to 5 m. The height was of 5.5 m. The settlement was surrounded with a 2 m-deep moat.</p><br>
<p>Among the four gates, the main was the western one. The dwellings were between 110 to 180 m2 in area. The dwellings of the outer ring were thirty-nine or forty, with doors opening towards the circular street. The dwellings of the inner ring numbered twenty-seven, arranged along the inner wall, with doors opening towards the central square, which was about 25 by in area.</p><br>
<p>Zdanovich estimates that approximately 1,500 to 2,500 people could have lived in Arkaim. Surrounding Arkaim&#39;s walls, were arable fields, 130–140 metres by 45 metres (430–460 feet by 150 feet), irrigated by a system of canals and ditches.</p><br>
<h2>Social impact</h2><br>
<h3>Religious movements and mysticism</h3><br>
<p>The discovery of Arkaim reinvigorated the debate about the original homeland of the Indo-Europeans, seemingly confirming its location in central Eurasia. After their discovery, Arkaim and the Land of Towns have been presented as the "land of the Aryans", the centre of a statehood of a monarchical type, and ultimately the model for a new spiritual civilisation harmonised with the universe. Agencies related to the Russian Orthodox Church have been critical of such activities of Arkaim&#39;s archaeology.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of Arkaim and the Land of Towns has fueled the growth of schools of thought among Rodnovers, Rerikhians, Zoroastrians and other movements which regard the archaeological site as the second homeland of the Aryans, who originally dwelt in Arctic regions and migrated southwards when the weather there became glacial, then spreading from central Eurasia to the east, south and west, founding other civilisations. According to them, all Vedic knowledge originated in the southern Urals. Some of them identify Arkaim as the Asgard of Odin spoken of in Germanic literature. The Russian Zoroastrian movement started by the Globa family identifies Arkaim as the place where Zoroaster was born. Around the year 2005, a great white swastika was carved on the nearest hill, and visitors to the site may buy swastika-shaped medallions.</p><br>
<h3>Vladimir Putin's visit and the "Russian idea"</h3><br>
<p>Russias president Vladimir Putin visited the site in 2005, meeting in person with the chief archaeologist Gennady Zdanovich. The visit received much attention from Russian media. They presented Arkaim as the "homeland of the majority of contemporary people in Asia, and, partly, Europe". Nationalists called Arkaim the "city of Russian glory" and the "most ancient Slavic-Aryan town". Zdanovich reportedly presented Arkaim to the president as a possible "national idea of Russia", a new idea of civilisation which Shnirelman calls the "Russian idea". According to several analysts, Putins visit was undoubtedly a message, and it gave credit to the interpretation of Arkaim as an Aryan cult centre.</p><br>
<p>Kékes is Hungarys highest mountain, at 1,014 m above sea level. in the Mátra range of Heves county. It is Hungarys third most popular tourist attraction, after Lake Balaton and the Danube, and has a number of hotels and skiing pistes. The Kékestető TV Tower stands at the summit.</p><br>
<p>The name Kékes is derived from the mountains often bluish colour. In Hungarian, the word kék means blue, while kékes means implicitly bluish&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Road cycling</h2><br>
<p>For road bicycle racing enthusiasts, the mountain can be climbed by two main routes.</p><br>
<p>South from Gyöngyös: 839 m over 17,8 km. This is the most famous and difficult ascent.</p><br>
<p>Nort from Parád: 775 m over 16,9 km. About equal in difficulty as the Bédoin ascent, but better sheltered against the climb.</p><br>
<h3>Tour de Hongrie stage finishes</h3><br>
<p>Belene Island  or Persin Island  is the biggest island in Bulgarian waters. The island is formed by the Danube River splitting into two branches passing north and south of it. The international frontier between Bulgaria and Romania follows the north branch of the river and therefore Belene Island is part of the Bulgarian territory. The island is 14.5 km long and reaching 6 km in width; it is located in the Danube, north of the town of Belene. Belene Island is the fourth biggest Danube island: during an average tide it is 41.078 km&sup2; in area. During a high tide, parts of the island are submerged. The island is connected to the town of Belene with a pontoon bridge.</p><br>
<p>Belene Island is a part of the Belene Islands Complex and of the Persina Natural Park, a home to over 170 species of rare water birds, such as the glossy ibis, pygmy cormorant, lesser grey shrike, red-breasted goose and others. The flora of Belene Island is represented by willows, poplars and aspens; there is some arable land. The island was formed of alluvial sediments.</p><br>
<p>The island is infamous for the Belene concentration camp that functioned there for detention of political prisoners between 1949–1953 and 1956–1959. The Belene Prison is still operating as a penitentiary in the western part of the island, while the eastern part is a managed natural reserve.</p><br>
<p>St. Ivan Island  is the largest Bulgarian island in the Black Sea, with an area of 0.66 km&sup2;. It lies off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast near Sozopol, a town with rich history and a popular tourist place, and is separated by a strait several hundred metres long from the small neighbouring St. Peter Island. Standing at 33 m above sea level, it is also the highest of the Bulgarian sea islands. It lies 920 m from the Stolets peninsula, the location of Sozopol&#39;s Old Town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around the 7th-4th century BC, the island was populated by Thracians. After Sozopol (Apollonia) was conquered by the Romans in 72 BC, a lighthouse was built on the island. Next to the Thracian sanctuary, the locals built a temple of Apollo featuring a bronze statue by Calamis standing 13.2 m in height, making it easy to see from the city. A complex of buildings was constructed around the temple in the southeastern part of the island, including health stations, inns, etc.</p><br>
<p>After the conversion to Christianity, a monastical complex was built in the 5th-6th century on top of the ruins of the old Roman temple, including the Basilica of the Mother of God. Towards the 7th-9th century, the basilica was abandoned only to be reconstructed in the 10th century. The Monastery of John the Forerunner and the Baptist grew into an important centre of Christianity in the region; the buildings of the monastery and the church were reconstructed in 1262-1310. Archaeological research was carried out after 1985 for a couple of years, so today the remains of two churches, a royal residence, a library, part of the fortified wall with the gate and several monastic cells can be seen. The monastery was a stauropegic monastery of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and two former patriarchs may have been buried there after being sent into exile.</p><br>
<p>Sozopol was conquered by the Ottomans together with Constantinople, in 1453, and the monastery was completely destroyed, but later reconstructed in 1467-1471. In the 1620s it was a refuge for Cossack pirates raiding the western Black Sea coast. Archaeologists have even discovered the remains of a Cossack feast in the church. The Ottomans destroyed the remaining buildings on St. Ivan Island in July 1629 in order not to be used by the pirates. It also played a part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829, when it was used as a field hospital for Russian soldiers suffering from cholera and also had a Russian graveyard.</p><br>
<p>Until the mid-19th century, when a natural phenomenon most likely separated them, the small St. Peter Island to the east of St. Ivan was most likely adjoined to it. Two small islets or large rocks also existed to the east of St. Peter, known by the names of Milos and Gata; they were last described by Russian war correspondents in the 1820s.</p><br>
<p>There is also a lighthouse constructed by French engineers in 1884 and pointing to the Burgas Bay still standing on the island. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a project to build a large Balkantourist hotel on St. Ivan, but Todor Zhivkov&#39;s intervention prevented that.</p><br>
<p>Apart from its historical significance, the island is also a nature reserve since 1993, with 72 species of birds nesting on the rocks and around the coast, 3 of which are endangered in the world and 15 in Europe. St. Ivan Island is also inhabited by other rare species, such as Mediterranean monk seals. The rocks on the island are covered with black mussels.</p><br>
<p>In August 2010 the BBC reported that remains of John the Baptist had been found on the island. Radiocarbon dating confirmed that the bones belonged to a man who had lived and died in the Middle East in the middle of the first century.</p><br>
<p>St. Cyricus Island , also known as St. Cyril Island or Sts. Quiricus and Julietta Island is a Bulgarian island in the Black Sea, 150 m from Sozopol&#39;s Stolets peninsula. It has an area of about 0.08 km&sup2; and a height of 15 m. The island is connected to the continent by a road and a breakwater. Unlike most other Bulgarian Black Sea islands, its infrastructure is completely set up.</p><br>
<p>The island was named after the medieval Monastery of Sts. Quiricus and Julietta, the ruins of which still stand there. The monastery was subordinate to the major stauropegic monastery on the nearby St. Ivan Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1925-1926, a school for fishermen and sailors was built on the island, where only orphans were allowed to study. The school existed for 10 years. In 1936 its base was reorganized to accommodate the Bulgarian Naval Academy. Until recently, the island was a restricted area, where Bulgarian Navy ships were anchored.</p><br>
<p>St. Cyricus Island was demilitarized in the 2000s and is to become a centre of international maritime tourism. As it is a national cultural monument, its heritage will be preserved and the new buildings are required to match the characteristic style of Sozopol.</p><br>
<p>Jabal an-Nour  is a mountain near Mecca in Saudi Arabias Hejaz region. It is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Makkah. The mountain houses the famed Ghar Hira or Hira cave. The cave is quite small, four arms length long by 1.75 arm&#39;s length wide. The mountain is barely 640 m tall. It does however, take two hours to make it to the cave and is extremely strenuous on the individual. However, the mount and the cave hold tremendous significance for Muslims throughout the world. The Islamic prophet Muhammad is said to have spent a great deal of time in the cave meditating and it is believed that he had received his first revelation from the archangel Gabriel, inside this cave from God.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>Since this is where Muhammad is said to have received the first verses of the Quran, the mountain was given the title "Jabal-al-Nour". "Jabal" in Arabic means mountain and "Nour" or "Noor" means light or enlightenment. This experience is sometimes identified with the beginning of revelation; hence the present name. As for the exact date of the first revelation it can be seen through investigation to fix the time to Monday the 21st of Ramadan at night, i.e. August, 10, 610 C.E. or exactly 40 lunar years, 6 months and 12 days of age i.e., 39 Gregorian years, 3 months and 22 days.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Before Muhammad&#39;s first revelation, he was said to have pleasant dreams. Among these dreams were signs that his Prophethood was starting to appear, and signs that the stones in Mecca would greet him with Salaam which is believed to have been proved true. These dreams lasted for six months.</p><br>
<p>An increasing need for solitude led Mohammed to seek seclusion and meditation in the rocky hills which surrounded Mecca. There he would retreat to Hira Cave for one month, each year, engaging in tahannuth, which means self-justification for the purpose of the Quraysh to engage during Jahiliyyah. He would take provisions along with him during this retreat, and would feed the poor that would come to him. Then before returning home to his family for more provisions he would circumambulate the Kaaba seven times, or however many times Allah willed; then he would go home.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>One physical feature that differentiates Jabal al-Nour from other mountains and hills is its strange-looking summit, which makes it look more like two mountains on top of each other. The top of this mountain in the mountainous desert is one of the loneliest of places. However, the cave within, which faces the direction of the Kaaba, is even more isolated. While standing in the courtyard back then, people could only look over the surrounding rocks. Nowadays, people can see the surrounding rocks as well as buildings that are hundreds of meters below and hundreds of meters to many kilometers away. Hira is both without water or vegetation other than a few thorns. Hira is higher than Thabir, and is crowned by a steep and slippery peak, which Muhammad with some companions once climbed.</p><br>
<p>The Salvation&#39;s Islands  are a group of small islands of volcanic origin about 11 km off the coast of French Guiana, 14 km north of Kourou, in the Atlantic Ocean. Although closer to Kourou, the islands are part of Cayenne commune , specifically Cayenne 1 Canton Nord-Ouest.</p><br>
<p>There are three islands, from north to south:</p><br>
<p>Devils Island (Kourou), the most famous due to the political imprisonment there of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, is better known to French speakers as "Île du Diable". The total area is 0.62 km&sup2;. Devils Island and Île Royale are separated by Passe des Grenadines, Île Royale and Saint-Joseph Island by Passe de Désirade.</p><br>
<p>The islands were part of a notorious penal colony from 1852 onwards for only the worst criminals of France. The main part of the penal colony was a labor camp stretched along the border with Dutch Guiana, which today is Suriname. Île Royale was for the general population of the worst criminals of the penal colony to roam about in moderate freedom due to the difficulty of escape from the island. Île Saint-Joseph was for the worst of those criminals to be punished in solitary confinement in silence and for extra punishment in darkness of the worst of the worst criminals of the penal colony. Devil&#39;s Island was for political prisoners, including Dreyfus in 1895-1899 after his conviction in metropolitan France for treason.</p><br>
<p>This penal colony for the very worst criminals of France was controversial for it had a reputation for harshness and brutality. Prisoner upon prisoner violence was common, tropical diseases would kill many others, and a small core of broken survivors would return to France to tell how horrible it was and scare other potential criminals straight. This system was gradually phased out and has been completely shut down since 1953. Nowadays the islands are a popular tourist destination. The islands were featured in the novel Papillon, by Henri Charrière. He was imprisoned here for 9 years. Joseph Conrads short story An Anarchist (1906) is largely set in Salvations Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Orlické Mountains  or Eagle Mountains are a mountain range located mainly in northeastern Bohemia in the Czech Republic, forming a subgroup of the Central Sudetes. They follow the border with Klodzko Land in Poland for 25 miles . The mountains are mainly composed of crystalline rocks, consistent with the makeup of the northern rim of the highlands of Bohemia. The highest point in the range is Velká Deštná, at 1,115 m .</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The entire region has maintained its original natural character over the centuries, which is why you will find beech primeval forests, protected landscape areas or nature parks and reserves, interwoven with trails, right next to chateaux and town parks and groomed rural gardens. The gentle rolling hills interlaced with hiking trails, a dense network of cycle trails and routes leading along rivers are ideal for families with children, recreational tourists and seniors as well. Those who love excitement and sports will find plenty of adrenaline activities here. Romantics will find a corner for themselves not only in the higher parts of the mountains and dense forests, but also at meandering rivers winding through valleys, during boat rides on ponds and dams or at old castle ruins. And if you happen to get lost in mountain forests, maybe Princess Kačenka, ruler of the Eagle Mountains, will show you the right way. And in winter, Rampušák will help you out of an avalanche.</p><br>
<p>The Cochecho River or Cocheco River is a tributary of the Piscataqua River, 38.3 miles  long, in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It rises in northern Strafford County and runs southeastward, through the town of Farmington and the cities of Rochester and Dover, where it provides hydroelectric power. Below the center of Dover, the river is tidal and joins the Salmon Falls River at the Maine border to form the Piscataqua.</p><br>
<p>Significant tributaries include the Ela River, the Mad River, and the Isinglass River.</p><br>
<h2>Significance of name</h2><br>
<p>Cochecho is an Abenaki word believed to mean "rapid foaming water," referring to the river&#39;s falls in downtown Dover. Settlers in 1623 adopted the name for the entire river and their settlement, Cochecho Plantation. It is believed the shift from Cochecho to Cocheco can be traced to a clerical error at the 1827 incorporation of the defunct Cocheco Manufacturing Company. Cocheco was adopted as the official spelling in a 1911 decision by the United States Board on Geographic Names. The river has also been known as the Dover River.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the United States Board on Geographic Names received a formal proposal to change the spelling of the river from "Cocheco" to "Cochecho", which would have reversed the board&#39;s 1911 decision. The board, unable to decide, voted not to approve the name change after passing along the decision to New Hampshire&#39;s State Names Authority. A summary by the petitioner, a Wikipedia editor, may be found on the talk page.</p><br>
<p>The Wren Building is the signature building of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. Along with the Brafferton and Presidents House, these buildings form the Colleges Ancient Campus. With a construction history dating to 1695, it is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the first building on this site began August 8, 1695 and was completed by 1700. After several fires and rebuildings, the Wren Building was the first major building restored or reconstructed by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., after he and the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin began Colonial Williamsburgs restoration in the late 1920s. The buildings current state dates to the 20th-century restoration by Boston architects Perry Shaw & Hepburn. The College named the building in honor of the English architect Sir Christopher Wren, after the Reverend Hugh Jones, a William and Mary mathematics professor, wrote in 1724 that the College Building was "modeled by Sir Christopher Wren". Perry Shaw and Hepburns restoration reflects the buildings historic appearance from its reconstruction in 1716 after a 1705 fire to 1859, when it burned again.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed out of red brick in the style of Flemish Bond, as was typical for official buildings in 17th- and 18th-century Williamsburg, including several walls remaining from previous structures, and it contains classrooms, offices, a refectory (known as the Great Hall), kitchen, and a chapel (added as a south wing in 1732). On the top of the building is a weather vane with the number 1693, the year the College was founded. In the early 1770s, plans were drawn up to complete the building as a quadrangle. Alumnus Thomas Jefferson (class of 1762) drew up a floorplan submitted to Governor Dunmore and foundations were laid in 1774. The looming War of Independence halted further construction, however, and the fourth wing was never completed. The foundations, however, still exist.</p><br>
<h2>Uses of the building</h2><br>
<p>The Wren Building is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States, ahead of runner-up Massachusetts Hall at Harvard. The Wren Building, previously known simply as "The College" or "The Main Building" was effectively the schools only academic building until the completion of the Brafferton building and Presidents House in the 1720s and 1730s. The campus only began its westward expansion in the first part of the twentieth century. Students studied, attended religious services, and lived in the Wren Building. After the destruction of Virginias former capital of Jamestown, Virginias legislature met in the building&#39;s Great Hall as a temporary meeting place from 1700 to 1704 while the Capitol was under construction. When the Capitol burned in 1747, the legislature moved back into the building until the Capitol was reconstructed in 1754. The building also housed a grammar school and an Indian school, which was moved to the Brafferton building, in 1723. The building was used as a military hospital by the French during the American Revolutionary War and by the Confederacy during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Wren Building today has historical and ceremonial importance in addition to its academic use. Each year during the opening convocation ceremony, incoming William and Mary freshmen enter the building from the courtyard, pass through the central hall, and exit on the opposite side. As seniors, students pass through the building in the opposite direction on their way to the graduation ceremony. The Yule Log Ceremony, the Colleges holiday celebration, is held every year at the Wren Building, typically during the second weekend in December. Each fall incoming freshmen take the schools Honor Code Pledge in the buildings Great Hall. The Bishop James Madison Society, the Colleges second-oldest secret society, is rumored to meet in the Wren Building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic setting</h2><br>
<p>After the completion of the Presidents House in 1732, the Colleges layout and overall architectural organization changed little until the construction of additional academic buildings in the early-twentieth century. For nearly one hundred and fifty years, the campus consisted of the three buildings- the Wren Building, the Brafferton, and the Presidents House- proportionally arranged in the College yard. With the Wren Building (or "College" as it was called) placed in the middle and bounded by the Brafferton to the south and the Presidents House to the north, the view gave visitors a sense of balance and proportion, important tenets of the Enlightenment and visible in Jacobean, Anglo-Dutch, and Georgian architecture of the period. To complete the view, a formal geometric garden of hedge rows, topiaries, planting beds, and marl paths was laid out in the College yard facing Duke of Gloucester Street, and a botanical and scientific garden was laid in the back, which led to acres of woodlands and streams. Archaeological and historical evidence points to the formal garden in the front having been destroyed by the late-eighteenth century. Plans drawn up by French engineers of Williamsburg in 1782 show plain rectangular beds ornamenting the front, and later nineteenth-century engravings and photographs show rows of trees and even cows lounging in the College yard. Any remaining physical trace of the gardens were finally obliterated in 1862, when massive earthworks were built during the Siege of Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>Recorded descriptions of the grounds appearance are few. One possible view was discovered in the late-1920s when researchers discovered a ca. 1747 printing plate in England’s Bodleian Library depicting Williamsburg landmarks, including the College. Although this "Bodleian Plate" served as the blueprint for the Wren Buildings restoration in the 1920s and 1930s, little was known about the plate’s authenticity with regard to the gardens until College archaeologists and students began digging for evidence in 2005. Since these initial archaeological discoveries, the Bodleian plate has proved remarkably faithful in its depiction of the College yards early garden layout.</p><br>
<p>Although the two side structures are not entirely balanced (there is a slight size discrepancy between the Brafferton and Presidents House), the sight of the College would have been impressive for an 18th-century Virginian. Native- and foreign-born visitors alike marveled at the Colleges design.</p><br>
<h2>Fires</h2><br>
<p>The building has been gutted by fire three times (1705, 1859, and 1862). The first fire was accidental and began in a basement in the North Wing of the building in 1705. Reconstruction after this fire, commanded by Governor Alexander Spotswood, was completed by 1716 with partial funds from Queen Anne. A second fire ravaged the building in 1859, and when it was rebuilt, the Wren Building had a newly fashionable Italianate design. A third fire was set intentionally by Federal troops during the Civil War in 1862. Each reconstruction incorporated the surviving exterior walls, but the overall look of the building has varied considerably over time.</p><br>
<p>Sir John Randolph, a Speaker of the House of Burgesses, an Attorney General for the Colony of Virginia, and the youngest son of William Randolph and Mary Isham, was interred at the chapel of the Wren Building after his death in 1737. After the burial vaults were disturbed in the 1859 fire, a physician who examined the contents of Randolph&#39;s tomb discovered the bones of Randolph and an unknown second person.</p><br>
<h2>Botetourt statue</h2><br>
<p>Popular Virginia Governor Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt, better known as Lord Botetourt, who died in office in 1770 and had been a member of the Colleges Board of Visitors, was buried in the crypt under the buildings chapel. A statue of Lord Botetourt was acquired by William and Mary in 1797 and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building in 1801. Previously displayed in the piazza of the Capitol Building at the opposite end of Duke of Gloucester Street, the statue was a landmark in front of the building for several centuries. After years of weathering, it was removed in 1958 and in 1966 was placed in its new location inside the College&#39;s Swem Library. In 1993, as the College celebrated its Tercentenary (300th anniversary), a new statue of Lord Botetourt, created in bronze by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray, was installed in the College Yard, in the place occupied for so many years by the original.</p><br>
<h2>Priorities of the College</h2><br>
<p>A large plaque was presented by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1914 which lists some of the notable firsts for William and Mary:</p><br>
<p>First college in the United States, the claim being that its antecedents go back to the college proposed at Henrico (1619).</p><br>
<p>First American college to receive its charter from the Crown under the Seal of the Privy Council, in 1693. Hence it was known as "their Majesties&#39; Royal College of William and Mary."</p><br>
<p>First and only American college to receive a colonial Coat-of-Arms from the College of Arms in London, 1694.</p><br>
<p>First college in the United States to have a full Faculty, consisting of a President, six Professors, usher; and writing master, 1729.</p><br>
<p>First college to confer medallic prizes; the gold medals donated by Lord Botetourt in 1771.</p><br>
<p>First college to establish an inter-collegiate fraternity, the Phi Beta Kappa, December 5, 1776.</p><br>
<p>First college to have the Elective system of study, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to have the Honor System (inked by Thomas Jefferson), 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to become a University, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to have a school of Modern Languages, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to include Fine Arts in a professorship, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to have a school of Municipal and Constitutional Law, 1779.</p><br>
<p>First college to teach Political Economy, 1784.</p><br>
<p>First college to have a school of Modern History, 1803.</p><br>
<p>Mont-aux-Sources is a mountain in Southern Africa, forming one of the highest portions of the Drakensberg Range. It is mostly within Lesotho, with parts in the KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces of South Africa.</p><br>
<p>The peak is accessible from the Sentinel Car Park near Witsieshoek, via chain ladders.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mont-Aux-Sources is part of a basalt plateau which lies at an average elevation of about 3,050 meters (10 000 ft). Among the many escarpments that surround the plateau is a sheer wall of 330 vertical meters, known as the Amphitheatre and the Sentinel. The highest point is a peak 3 km from the Drakensberg escarpment, attaining an altitude of 3,282 m.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>Since important rivers have their sources in the range, the mountainous area was named mont aux Sources (‘fountains mountain’) by French missionaries who visited the region in 1836.</p><br>
<p>Several rivers originate in the Mont-Aux-Sources, foremost of which is the Tugela, which flows eastwards into the Indian Ocean on the KwaZulu-Natal coast. Some 7 km from the Mont-Aux-Sources, the Tugela plunges 947 m in a series of falls in the Royal Natal National Park. This is the second-highest series of falls in the world.</p><br>
<p>The Caledon River, one of the main tributaries of the Orange River, has its sources in this massif and flows along the border with Lesotho. Also the Seati (Khubedu), one of the headwater streams of the Orange River, has its origin near Mont-aux-Sources further to the north.</p><br>
<p>Another important river is the Elands, named the Namahadi in its uppermost section in the area of the Fika-Patso Dam. The Elands flows roughly northwards into the Wilge River, one of the major tributaries of the Vaal. The Vaal River flows westwards eventually into the Orange River, which in turn flows into the Atlantic Ocean on the West coast of Southern Africa.</p><br>
<p>The Lamprey River is a 50.2 mi river in southeastern New Hampshire, the United States. It rises in Meadow Lake in Northwood, and flows south, then generally east past Raymond, Epping, Lee, Durham and finally Newmarket. Here, it meets Great Bay, a tidal inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, to which it is connected by a tidal estuary, the Piscataqua River. The river from the Bunker Pond Dam in Epping to the confluence with the Piscassic River is part of the designated National Wild and Scenic River System.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The shoreline of the Lamprey River, its floodplain and its wetlands provide a wide range of valuable wildlife habitats. Its anadromous fishery is one of the strongest in the Great Bay watershed. Anadromous fish species that use the Lamprey River include shad, river herring, smelt and even Atlantic salmon. These fish are hatched in the river, then spend most of their lives out at sea, returning to the river to spawn. The fish species will move up the river as far as Durham, where they are prevented from moving further upstream by Wiswall Dam.</p><br>
<p>The river is also rich in species of freshwater mussels. The river is managed by the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department for several different types of game fish, including brook trout which is native to the river. Rainbow trout and brown trout are also stocked in many parts of the river but are not native to the area.</p><br>
<p>Lampreys are also present in the river. However, the Lamprey River derives its name from an early settler, John Lamprey, who lived in the area, rather than the fish itself.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Segments of the river are rich in history. Saw- and gristmills which operated by water power were common along the river. The Wiswall Falls Mills Site in Durham is on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally a sawmill, the site was used subsequently to make knives, nuts and bolts, pitchforks, carriages, matches and wallpaper. Sites such as Wadleigh Falls show the remnants of old mills and the rich river culture that used to be. Wadleigh Falls, located in Lee, is the remains of a dam created to power a mill which fed a 150 acre mill pond at one point.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>Along the banks are hardwood forests and numerous farms. The area is under pressure from suburban development, however, as one of the fastest-growing areas in New England. There is a strong local culture surrounding the Lamprey River with several local events held on the river, including numerous town-run fishing derbies and the Lamprey River Canoe Race held annually in Epping.</p><br>
<p>During the course of its journey from the Saddleback Mountains in Northwood down to Newmarket, the Lamprey changes from a small torrential stream to a large tidal river. The river between these points has slow meanders and rapids, and small waterfalls such as Packers Falls in Durham.</p><br>
<p>The Exeter River is a 40.5 mi river located in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States.</p><br>
<p>It rises in the town of Chester, 12 mi southeast of Manchester. It follows a winding course east and northeast to Exeter, where it becomes the Squamscott River, a tidal river leading north to Great Bay. There are falls and small dams at several locations along the river. A significant dam (Great Dam) that had long existed at the river&#39;s termination in Exeter was removed in the summer of 2016, restoring the river&#39;s flow to its natural state where it meets the Squamscott River.</p><br>
<p>The Exeter River drainage basin encompasses an area of 126 square miles. The upper 33.3 mi of the river, from its headwaters to its confluence with Great Brook in Exeter, were designated into the NH Rivers Management and Protection Program in August 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Squamscott River is a 6 mi tidal river in Rockingham County, southeastern New Hampshire, in the United States. It rises at Exeter, fed by the Exeter River. The Squamscott runs north between Newfields and Stratham to Great Bay, a tidal estuary, which is connected to the Piscataqua River, a tidal inlet of the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>More specifically, after rising at the Great Bridge (actually a very modest Works Progress Administration project) adjacent to the former "Loaf & Ladle" restaurant in downtown Exeter, the Squamscott River passes the "Wooden Wave" (an interesting architectural statement next to the Phillips Exeter Academy boathouse), then tends north alongside the Swasey Parkway, through the haymarshes, passing by the town&#39;s water purification plant and then under State Route 101, a major east-west arterial road in New Hampshire. The river next passes under Route 108 at the site of the former "Singing Bridge", a metal bridge which was recently replaced. The river then debouches into Great Bay, a broad and shallow tidal estuary, just south of the mouth of the Lamprey River, arriving at the bay from Newmarket.</p><br>
<p>The Squamscott, also spelled Swampscott and Swamscott, gets its name from the Squamscott Indians who called it Msquam-s-kook (or Msquamskek) translated as at the salmon place or big water place. Plentiful game, the marshes and lush river-fed vegetation, and an abundance of fish supported the northeast Native American Indians who were present in the region for thousands of years until English settlers displaced them in the early 17th century. The Native American tribes of New Hampshire were most likely from the Abenaki nation, but independent of the Maine-based tribes. The name “Abenaki” and its derivatives originated from a Montagnais (Algonquin) word meaning "people of the dawn" or "easterners". In the eastern part of New Hampshire were the Pequaquaukes (or Pequakets), the Ossipees, the Minnecometts, the Piscataquas and the Squamscotts (Msquamskek).</p><br>
<p>The Phillips Exeter Academy crew team holds its practices on the Squamscott River in Exeter.</p><br>
<p>The Oyster River is a 17 mi river in Strafford County, southeastern New Hampshire, United States. It rises in Barrington, flows southeast to Lee, then east-southeast in a serpentine course past Durham to meet the entrance of Great Bay into Little Bay. The bays are tidal inlets of the Atlantic Ocean, to which they are connected by a tidal estuary, the Piscataqua River. The freshwater portion of the river is 14.1 mi long, and the tidal river extends 2.9 mi from Durham to Great Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Oyster River reaches tidewater at the base of a dam in the center of Durham, just west of the river&#39;s crossing by NH Route 108. Due to siltation, the river is only fully accessible to motorized boats west of the Durham Water Plant for approximately 3 hours on either side of high tide. Boaters have noticed the increasing effect of siltation on navigation since 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Oyster River valley, like the rest of New England, was entirely covered by ice during the last continental glaciation. Remnants from the Ice Age in the watershed include glacial erratics and kettle holes such as Spruce Hole Bog, 0.5 mi south of the river in Durham.</p><br>
<p>Ever since European settlers came to the Oyster River they have altered its flow and taken its resources. In the 1600s, before people had a major effect on the river, Great Bay, into which the Oyster River flows, was a port where sturdy oceangoing ships could anchor at a place called Durham Landing. But as time passed, settlers built dams and cleared the forests for farmland. As forests diminished, soil usually held in place by tree roots started to wash into the river, causing its waters to fill with silt. By the 1800s, oceangoing ships were unable to reach Durham Landing except at extremely high tides.</p><br>
<p>The Oyster River community was one of the three original Dover settlements, which also included Hilton Point and the current Durham town center. The population of this settlement is said to have peaked at around 300 people in the mid 17th century. However, the population was reduced in 1694 after a Native American raid, commonly known as the Oyster River Massacre or the Raid on Oyster River. In total around 94 inhabitants were either killed or taken hostage by the Native Americans under French command.</p><br>
<h2>Water usage</h2><br>
<p>The Oyster River is a significant source of drinking water for the town of Durham and the University of New Hampshire. The extent to which the Oyster River can be used as a resource is being stretched more and more as the population increases within the area. Residential water usage in the area is expected to increase by 54% before the year 2025, and non-domestic usage, for example commercial, industrial, irrigation and mining, is expected to increase 62%. Thus, the Oyster River is going to become an even more essential resource to the community.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation issues</h2><br>
<p>The river crosses under heavily-traveled USA Route 4 in three separate places in the town of Lee and passes within 1,000 ft of the busy Lee Traffic Circle, which poses an ecological threat if runoff from the road gets into the water. Along the river there remain stretches of untouched floodplain and forests that stretch on for almost 100 acre. These floodplain areas are useful in holding excess water during severe weather and help to reduce the damage done to the infrastructure elsewhere along the river. The floodplains also house diverse ecological communities and are home to many diverse species of New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>One species that has been greatly affected by the steady decline in the health of the Oyster River is the oyster itself. Due to siltation and water pollution in the river the population of oysters hit an all time low in 2000 at 6,174 USbsh. However, the rate rebounded to 10,044 USbsh just a couple years later. Another species that lives in the Oyster river is the American Brook Lamprey (Lampetra appendix) which only exists in this river in the entire state. The river as a whole is home to seven fish species of concern.</p><br>
<p>Roshek Brothers Department Store was a large retail store in downtown Dubuque, Iowa. The company was founded by J.J.and F.H. Roshek. In its prime, Roshek&#39;s was the primary shopping destination in Dubuque and was the largest department store in the state of Iowa. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rosheks operated for more than 40 years in a 9-story building at 700 Locust Street in Dubuque. The building was built in two halves beginning in August 1929. Originally the whole building was to be finished within a year, but as of the fall of 1931, only the north half was finished. Wholly completed in 1932, the building is a block long and half a block wide and is the tallest building in Dubuque. It replaced two four-story buildings, the former Rider-Wallis dry goods building, located on the south half of the same block (demolished to complete this building), and a smaller four-story Roshek building across the alley immediately east, which was located on the southwest corner of Eighth and Main streets, which was later occupied by Montgomery Ward. The buildings architect was Charles Wheeler Nicol (1888-1953), a noted regional designer of major hotels and school buildings. This was and remains the state&#39;s largest building to be used as a department store.</p><br>
<p>Other department stores were also located downtown. In the 1960s, prior to the construction of Kennedy Mall, Stampfers was on the northeast corner of Eighth and Main streets. J.C. Penney was on the west side of Main Street, just north of Stampfers.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s Rosheks decided to move their operations to smaller quarters at Kennedy Mall, a regional shopping center on the western edge of the city. Rosheks became one of the malls anchor tenants, along with Montgomery Ward and Younkers, a Des Moines department store which made its first appearance in Dubuque when the mall was built. The new Rosheks store opened in 1970. The Roshek family subsequently sold the store to Gamble-Skogmo, Inc. The store closed in 1982. Today what was originally Roshek&#39;s space in the mall is occupied by two other department stores, Sears and Younkers.</p><br>
<p>After Roshek&#39;s moved from downtown, the former department store was converted into an office building. For most of the time since conversion, it has been known as the Dubuque Building, except for a period of several years when it was called CyCare Plaza. Now it is called the Roshek Building.</p><br>
<p>On January 15, 2009, IBM announced that it will move into the building, creating a new technology service center with 1,300 employees after improving the building to make it a LEED-certified building The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Lake Traverse is the southernmost body of water in the Hudson Bay watershed of North America. It lies along the border between the USA states of Minnesota and South Dakota. A low continental divide separates the land at the southern shore of Lake Traverse from the Little Minnesota River, which is part of the Mississippi River System and flows within a mile of the lake near the town of Browns Valley, Minnesota and Wheaton, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>Lake Traverse is an Anglicization of Lac Traverse, a French name meaning "across the lake".</p><br>
<p>Prehistorically, the south end of Lake Traverse was the southern outlet of glacial Lake Agassiz across the Traverse Gap into Glacial River Warren; that river carved the valley now occupied by the present-day Minnesota River.</p><br>
<p>Lake Traverse is drained at its north end by the northward-flowing Bois de Sioux River, a tributary of the Red River of the North. A USA Army Corps of Engineers dam at the outflow regulates the lake&#39;s level. The Mustinka River flows into the lake just above the dam.</p><br>
<p>Bonavista Bay  is a large bay located on the northeast coast of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada. It opens directly onto the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The bay is demarcated by Cape Freels to the north and Cape Bonavista to the south. Cape Bonavista is also the eastern limit of the Bonavista Peninsula, which forms the bay&#39;s southern shore. The topography of the central western shore of the bay is composed of numerous channels and islands. This area also hosts Terra Nova National Park.</p><br>
<p>Containing many densely forested islands, Bonavista Bay is virtually landlocked. With temperatures sometimes reaching -1 °C, it attracts the occasional iceberg. However, due to the dense forestry, the region inside the bay can sometimes be warm enough for lobster cultivation.</p><br>
<p>The smaller communities in Newfoundland may often be referenced by the Bay in which they are located, e.g.: &#39;Wesleyville, BB&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing communities</h2><br>
<p>* Newtown</p><br>
<p>* Wesleyville</p><br>
<p>* Badger&#39;s Quay</p><br>
<p>* Valleyfield</p><br>
<p>* Centreville</p><br>
<p>* Trinity</p><br>
<p>* Dover</p><br>
<p>* Hare Bay</p><br>
<p>* Gambo</p><br>
<p>* Glovertown</p><br>
<p>* Eastport</p><br>
<p>* Port Blandford</p><br>
<p>* Musgravetown</p><br>
<p>* Summerville</p><br>
<p>* Bonavista</p><br>
<p>The bay has a small ferry operated by the provincial government providing service from Burnside to St. Brendan&#39;s on Cottel&#39;s Island.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Bay  is a large bay on the northeastern coast of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The Bay along with Placentia Bay to the southwest define the isthmus of Avalon from which the Avalon Peninsula lies to the east of the main landmass of Newfoundland Island.</p><br>
<p>Major fishing communities include Trinity and Heart&#39;s Content. The smaller communities in Newfoundland may often be referenced by the Bay in which they are located, e.g.: &#39;Brownsdale, TB&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Industry</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Bay is famous as the location of a "nearly intact" specimen of giant squid found there on September 24, 1877.</p><br>
<p>In April 2003, thousands of dead northern cod, washed up on the shores of Smith Sound in a single weekend, prompting scientific inquiry into the cause.</p><br>
<p>Jellyfish harvesting communities include Smith Sound, Old Perlican, and Northwest and Southwest Arms.</p><br>
<p>Stuart Lake, or Nak&#39;albun in the Carrier  language is a lake situated in the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The town of Fort St. James is situated by the lake near the outlet . Stuart Lake is 66 km long, 10 km wide and relatively shallow, with an average depth of 26 m.</p><br>
<p>Stuart Lake offers boating, swimming and sunbathing at sandy beaches, fishing, water skiing, viewing ancient aboriginal pictographs, camping, snowmobiling, ice fishing, ice sailing, and dog sledding. Two provincial park campgrounds, Paarens Beach and Sowchea Bay, are located on the southern shore of the lake, and there are several motels, lodges and private campgrounds in the area. Moorage is available at several marinas.</p><br>
<p>Fort St. James has several lumber mills as do several smaller aboriginal communities in the basin. The lake is usually ice-covered from mid-December to early May. Stuart Lake contains rainbow trout, char or lake trout, whitefish, kokanee, Dolly varden, and burbot fish.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrographical characteristics of the lake</h2><br>
<p>Discharge 4.1 km/yr</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Villages on Stuart Lake (Nakalbun), were connected to Dakelh villages on Fraser Lake (Nadlehbunkut) on an ancient land route called Nyan Wheti Nyan Wheti in Carrier means "The Way Across." The trail was part of the network of trails called the Grease Trail used by the Dakelh people for as a major trade, travel and communication line. the Cheslatta Trail continues south to Cheslatta Lake.</p><br>
<p>Stuart Lake is important to British Columbia history, being the location of one of the oldest non-native settlements in the province, Fort St. James. The first non-native to visit the lake was James McDougall in 1806. McDougall&#39;s explorations were undertaken as an assistant to Simon Fraser.</p><br>
<p>Fraser and other members of his expedition soon established a North West Company trading post, leaving behind for the winter a garrison led by clerk John Stuart, in whose honor the English name of the lake was given.</p><br>
<p>The original name, in the Dakelh language, is Nakalbun, literally Mt. Pope Lake, after the mountain that overlooks it, Nakal, known in English as Mt. Pope.</p><br>
<p>The "Mayor and Council of the District of Fort St. James unanimously voted to adopt a resolution declaring their opposition to the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project." Their decision was based on concerns for "the land base and our fresh water sources. Of particular concern locally is the crossing of the Stuart River, which accommodates one of the largest sockeye salmon runs in the world, and Pitka Creek which flows into Stuart Lake."</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Lake Tōya is a volcanic caldera lake in Shikotsu-Toya National Park, Abuta District, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is a part of "Toya Caldera and Usu Volcano Global Geopark" which joins in Global Geoparks Network. The stratovolcano of Mount Usu lies on the southern rim of the caldera. The lake is nearly circular, being 10 kilometers in diameter from east-west and 9 kilometers from North-South. The lake&#39;s biggest town, Tōyako is located on its western shore. The town Sōbetsu is located on the other side of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tōya is said to be the northernmost lake in Japan that never ices (with competing claim by nearby Lake Shikotsu), and the second most transparent lake in Japan. Nakajima Island (not to be confused with another island of the same name in Lake Kussharo) is an island in the middle of the lake which houses the Tōya Lake Forest Museum.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tōya was called Kimun-to (キウン (kimun) means "in the mountain" and ト (to) means "lake") by the Ainu. In the Meiji era, Japanese pioneers named the lake Tōya after the Ainu expression to ya, which means "lakeland".</p><br>
<p>The 2008 G8 Summit was held at Lake Tōya and The Windsor Hotel Toya Resort & Spa.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the anime Gintama, Lake Tōya is engraved on the Bokutō of the main character Gintoki Sakata (坂田 銀時, Sakata Gintoki).</p><br>
<p>It is the model for Lake Kiriya in the anime Celestial Method.</p><br>
<p>Castle Peak  or Pui To Shan  is a 583 m high peak in the western New Territories of Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to its Chinese name, which means green hill, Castle Peak is notorious for its severe loss of vegetation and weathering of its granite surface.</p><br>
<p>The area to the west of the hill was also named Castle Peak. It is an industrial area with several power plants owned by CLP (Castle Peak Power Station and Black Point Power Station). It is also the old name of Tuen Mun during early British rule before starting development of Tuen Mun New Town. In early proposal of the development, the new town was named Castle Peak New Town.</p><br>
<p>Most of area of the hill is under firing range used by military and police forces in Hong Kong. Warnings are issued to public before exercises are carried out. It is therefore among the few hills in Hong Kong which are not part of a Country Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Pui To Shan was associated with a Buddhist monk Pui To Sim Shi (). In Cantonese, Pui means "cup", To means "water-crossing", Sim Shi means "Monk of Zen". Legend has it that the monk had travelled over water in a cup and finally reached the Castle Peak. He established a monastery on the hill, which became the present-day Tsing Shan Monastery.</p><br>
<p>Early records have indicated that the peak was an island once named Tuen Mun Island (). Its former channel with Kau Keng Shan of an important sea route in South China. Defence structures were built on both hills.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tuggeranong, an artificial lake sourced the confluence of Tuggeranong Creek and stormwater discharge from urban and rural areas, is located in the Tuggeranong district of Canberra, within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The lake is situated adjacent to the Tuggeranong Town Centre, and is bounded by the suburbs of Bonython in the south-east and Kambah in the north-west.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Lake Tuggeranong was created by the construction of a dam in 1987 coinciding with urban development in the district. The lake was built as a sediment trap for soil and debris, and to improve the quality of the water flowing into the Murrumbidgee River. Tuggeranong Creek feeds the Isabella Pond, that then flows into Lake Tuggeranong. The water quality of the lake is monitored by health and environmental agencies, and is subject to health hazards such as toxic blue-green algal blooms or high faecal bacteria counts, given the urban and rural runoff of the lake source.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a popular recreational site. The foreshore of the lake is parkland, with swimming, fishing, wind-surfing and non-motorised boating all possible activities on the lake. A bicycle path surrounds the lake, running for 6.7 km.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Trombly House is located at 553 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is more commonly known as the Beaubien House, and is currently the headquarters of the Michigan Architectural Foundation and the American Institute of Architects of Michigan. The building is one of the oldest remaining houses in Detroit, and was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Beaubien House is built on the site of one of Detroit&#39;s original ribbon farms, owned by Antoine Beaubien. The farm had a quarter of a mile frontage on the river, but which ran nearly three miles inland. Beaubien was a Colonel in the Detroit Militia and received the patent certificate for his land in 1810.</p><br>
<p>In June 1850, just before his death, Antoine Beaubien sold lot 8 on Jefferson to Charles J. Trombly for the sum of $2,000. Trombly was Beaubien’s cousin and a recent graduate of Georgetown College. The consensus among historians is that the house was built by Trombly sometime during 1851 for use by Trombly and his new wife.</p><br>
<p>Over the next two decades, the house was owned or rented by multiple families. These include some of the city’s oldest and most familiar names, such as McClelland, Cicotte, Whipple, Chapoton, Campau, and Beecher, among others. In 1872, the house was sold to John F. Antisdel, whose family owned or rented the home until 1943 (save a five-year period when William H. Machen lived in the home).</p><br>
<p>After World War II, ownership records are spotty. In 1956, photographer Fred A. Plofchan rented the house; he bought it in 1965. During this time, plumbing lines were extended to the upper levels, which were rented as studio apartments, and the house was used as a combination of office and residential space. The Michigan Architectural Foundation later rented the building, completely renovating it in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is constructed of brick and sits on a fieldstone foundation. Walls are constructed of plaster over 2" X 6" studs. The house has a full basement and three floors above. The first floor consists of a front parlor with a marble manteled fireplace, and two smaller rooms, one of which was likely a dining room. Both the second and third floors had two rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Pacaraima or Pakaraima Mountains  are a mountain range primarily in southwestern Guyana, and into northern Brazil and eastern Venezuela.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The range extends from west to east for over 800 km. Its highest peak is Mount Roraima at 2,810 m above sea level, a tepui surrounded by cliffs 300 m high.</p><br>
<p>It is geologically part of the Guayana Shield and biogeographically part of the Guayana Highlands.</p><br>
<p>The mountains form the divide between the Orinoco Valley to the north and the Amazon Basin to the south. They also serve as a natural boundary in the east-west direction, where they extend 800 km to form a border marker between Brazil and southeastern Venezuela and between Brazil and west central Guyana.</p><br>
<p>Numerous rivers originate in these mountains and on their way down they plunge spectacularly to form some picturesque waterfalls. A beautiful example of this is the Kaieteur Falls in Guyana.</p><br>
<h3>Conservation</h3><br>
<p>The 116,748 hectare Monte Roraima National Park protects part of the range in Roraima, Brazil.</p><br>
<p>The Jungfernsee  is north of Potsdam, Germany. It was a glacial kettle and is now part of the River Havel, which runs along its southeastern shore, which is also the only part of its shores that is in Berlin. The rest of the lake lies in the Potsdam district.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It spans 3.52 km in a northwest-southeast direction, widens to 1.45 km in the southeast from just 180 m at its narrowest point. The lake is part of a federal waterway and one point where the Sacrow–Paretz Canal connects to the Havel. Until 1990, there was a border crossing for ships on the lake, at the end of the canal.</p><br>
<p>On the lake&#39;s southern end at the outflow of the Havel is the Glienicke Bridge, also known as the Bridge of Spies. Besides that, other sights around the Jungfernsee include Cecilienhof to the southwest, the Heilandskirche in Sacrow to the north and the park and palace of Glienicke, southeast again. The former royal Dairy in the New Garden also lies on the shore of the lake and is today a restaurant and brewery.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the south shore was added to the Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>Nahuel Huapi Lake  is a lake in the lake region of northern Patagonia between the provinces of Río Negro and Neuquén, in Argentina. The lake depression consists of several glacial valleys carved out along faults and Miocene valleys that were later dammed by moraines.</p><br>
<p>Nahuel Huapi lake, located within the Nahuel Huapi National Park, has a surface of 529 km&sup2, rests 2,510 ft over the sea level, and has a maximum measured depth (as of 2007) of 1,437 ft.</p><br>
<p>The June 2011 eruption of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex, in neighboring Chile, caused parts of the lake&#39;s surface to be blanketed in volcanic ash.</p><br>
<p>During the Last Glacial Maximum of the Llanquihue glaciation the lake basin was wholly occupied by a glacier.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name of the lake derives from the toponym of its major island in Mapudungun (Mapuche language): "Island of the Jaguar (or Puma)", from nahuel, "puma (or jaguar)", and huapí, "island". There is, however, more to the word "Nahuel" - it can also signify "a man who by sorcery has been transformed to a puma" (or jaguar).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Its seven branches are named Blest (36 km²), Huemul (21.5 km²), de la Tristeza (18.5 km²), Campanario (7.9 km²), Machete, del Rincón and Última Esperanza. It is connected to other smaller lakes such as Gutiérrez, Moreno, Espejo and Correntoso. The deep-blue waters hold a number of islands, most notably Isla Victoria with 31 km².</p><br>
<p>A curious fact about the lake is that, despite being nowhere near any ocean and being at high altitude, it is also home for kelp gull and the blue eyed cormorant (Phalacrocorax atriceps), otherwise strictly marine birds.</p><br>
<p>The lake’s crystal clear waters are very susceptible to climate changes and have an average surface temperature of 45 °F (7 °C), this makes it both beautiful and treacherous. Hypothermia is one of the risks bathers must undertake. Kayaking is a popular sport on this and adjacent lakes.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also the starting point of the Limay River.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>This lake harbors several introduced, non-native species of trout, including rainbow trout, brown trout and brook trout which attract anglers from the world over.</p><br>
<h2>Nahuelito</h2><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century, and following an old aboriginal legend, the rumor of a giant creature living in the deep waters of the lake took up. The creature is known locally as Nahuelito. Reported sightings of it predate Nessie and The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle).</p><br>
<p>Local aborigines (Mapuche) called another creature el Cuero (leather) for its smooth skin. The neighboring lake Lago Lácar, has also been the site for accounts of another creature, more consistent with a plesiosaur, with aborigines describing it as a sea-cow with teeth all around it.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Buenos Aires Zoo visited the lake in 1922 trying to corroborate the reports of sightings of the prehistoric animal, but found no evidence to support the theory of such a creature.</p><br>
<h2>Hitler conspiracy theory</h2><br>
<p>The premise of the book Grey Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler, by British authors Simon Dunstan and Gerrard Williams, is that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun did not commit suicide in 1945, but actually escaped to Argentina. According to the book, the two lived for many years in a Bavarian-styled mansion at Inalco, a remote and barely accessible spot at the northwest end of Lake Nahuel Huapi, where Hitler died in February 1962. This theory of Hitler&#39;s flight to Argentina has been dismissed by mainstream historians, including by Guy Walters.</p><br>
<p>860–880 Lake Shore Drive is a twin pair of glass-and-steel apartment towers on N. Lake Shore Drive along Lake Michigan in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Construction began in 1949 and the project was completed in 1951. The towers were added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1980, and were designated as Chicago Landmarks on June 10, 1996. The 26 floor, 254 ft  tall towers were designed by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and dubbed the "Glass House" apartments. Construction was by the Chicago real estate developer Herbert Greenwald, and the Sumner S. Sollitt Company. The design principles, first expressed in the 1921 Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper competition in Berlin and built thirty years later in 860–880 Lake Shore Drive, were copied extensively and are now considered characteristic of the modern International Style as well as essential for the development of modern High-tech architecture.</p><br>
<p>The towers were not entirely admired at the time they were built, yet they went on to be the prototype for steel and glass skyscrapers worldwide. Initially, it was difficult to acquire financing for the project, turned down by lenders like Baird & Warner, who considered the design scheme to be too extreme. 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments embody a Modernistic tone with their verticality, grids of steel and glass curtain walls (a hallmark of Mies’ skyscrapers), and complete lack of ornamentation. Tenants had to accept the neutral gray curtains that were uniform throughout the buildings;no other curtains or blinds were permitted lest they mar the external appearance. Since Mies was a master of minimalist composition, his principle was “less is more” as it is demonstrated in his self-proclaimed “skin and bones” architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>This building, like many of his Chicago high-rise structures, causes controversy in the pure minimalist community due to its mullions. Mies is hailed as the father of "less is more&quot however, 860–880 Lake Shore Drive is covered in non-functional I-beam mullions. Mies explains how the mullions do not violate his less is more philosophy in a 1960 interview: "To me structure is something like logic. It is the best way to do things and express them". The mullions on his buildings reflect the inner structure and therefore give truth to the aesthetic of the building. The idea of truth in architecture aligns with the aesthetic and principles of the international style as taught at the Bauhaus.</p><br>
<p>Although the 860-880 buildings were the first high-rises to look like they were sheathed with a curtain wall, they in fact were not, because the windows were attached to the structure, not to the decorative-only mullions. It was Mies van der Rohe&#39;s Esplanade Apartments just to the north (900-910 Lake Shore Drive) that were the first high-rises to actually have an uninterrupted glass/aluminum curtain wall.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>Krueck and Sexton Architects of Chicago were commissioned to renovate the historical towers. Teaming up with them were the preservation architects, Harboe Architects along with forensic and structural analysis firm, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. This team was directed to fix prior renovations done to the buildings. The preceding renovations took away from the historical accuracy of the towers. Architects were assigned to restore the distorted lighting scheme with original translucent glass, replace the deteriorating travertine plaza, which connects the two towers, and exchange for stones with more historical precision.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The buildings were finished in 1951 and were featured in a 1957 article in Life Magazine on Mies.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 they became the first buildings designed by Mies van der Rohe to receive Chicago Landmark Status.</p><br>
<p>The glass towers have been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.</p><br>
<p>In June 2005, the United States Postal Service included the towers in the commemorative stamp program, Masterworks of Modern Architecture, wherein they were listed as one of the “12 outstanding examples of modern buildings”.</p><br>
<h2>Figures and statistics</h2><br>
<p>The twin towers are 26 stories high.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are 46 feet apart.</p><br>
<p>The steel skeletal frames rest on a 21-foot grid and are uniform in their design.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally designed for 860 to contain 90 three bedroom apartments and 880 to hold 158 one bedroom apartments. Many of the units have been combined to enlarge living spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Zoned schools</h2><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to Chicago Public Schools. Residents are zoned to Ogden School and Wells Community Academy High School.</p><br>
<p>The ancient Thracian city of Perperikon  is located in the Eastern Rhodopes, 15 km northeast of the present-day town of Kardzhali, Bulgaria, on a 470 m high rocky hill, which is thought to have been a sacred place. The village of Gorna Krepost  is located at the foot of the hill and the gold-bearing Perpereshka River flows near it. Perperikon is the largest megalith ensemble in the Balkans.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that the famous Temple of Dionysius is located at this location. A visitor centre is being constructed at a cost of 2.4 million Euros funded by the EU.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bulgarian archaeologist Nikolay Ovcharov started the excavation works at Perperikon in 2000, and revealed the remains of ancient architectural complex.</p><br>
<p>Human activity in the area dates back to 5000 B.C. The first traces of civilization on the hill date from the Bronze Age, while the ceramics found on the place date from the Early Iron Age, as well as the impressive round altar, almost 2 m in diameter, hewn out of the rocks. At Perperikon, a twelve days journey from the sea, Medokos called himself king of Thrace after Sitalcess death in 424 BC, but failed to hold a throne.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists have uncovered a giant multi-story palace and an imposing fortress built around the hill, with walls as thick as 2.8 m. This dates from the time of the Roman Empire. Temples and residential quarters were also constructed in the fortress. The megalithic complex has been laid in ruins and re-erected many times throughout history.</p><br>
<h2>The name "Perperikon"</h2><br>
<p>The name Perperikon (originally Hyperperakion, shortened by scribes to Perperakion or Perperikon) dates from the Middle Ages. There are at least two theories about the origin and meaning of the name, both associating it with gold and the gold-mining done in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Church</h2><br>
<p>A church pulpit was found by Bulgarian archeologists at the peak of the Thracian rock sanctuary on 10 September 2005. It is thought to be the first finding of the kind in Bulgaria. The pulpit was probably built at the end of the 4th century AD or the early 5th century during the reign of Byzantine Arcadius and coincided with the period of the christening of the Thracians in the Rhodopes area.</p><br>
<p>It has the form of a single nave basilica of 16.5 m length, which is the most typical form of an early Christian religious temple. The pulpit, which is almost untouched by time, is richly decorated with stone-carved ornaments. An eagle with widespread wings is clearly seen on the rock. It also bears five inscriptions in Greek, which are yet to be explained but which archaeologists suppose are liturgical writings.</p><br>
<p>One hypothesis suggests the church existed until the 14th century when it was levelled by the Ottoman invaders. At about that time it was probably sealed up and abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Honour</h2><br>
<p>Perperek Knoll on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the settlement of Perperek in connection with the Thracian holy city of Perperikon.</p><br>
<p>The Clermont State Historic Site, also known as the Clermont estate, the Clermont Manor or just Clermont, is a New York State Historic Site in southwestern Columbia County, New York, United States. It protects</p><br>
<p>the former estate of the Livingston family, seven generations of whom lived on the site over more than two centuries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Clermont derives from "clear mountain" in French and was inspired by the view of the Catskill Mountains across the Hudson River from the estate.</p><br>
<p>The estate was established by Robert Livingston following the death of his father, the first Lord of Livingston Manor, in 1728; while most of the manor was inherited by the eldest son Philip Livingston, 13,000 acre in the southwest corner, later named Clermont, was willed to Robert. The original house was built about 1740.</p><br>
<p>Robert Livingston of Clermont died on June 27, 1775 and the estate passed to his son, Robert, who was known as Judge Livingston to distinguish him from his father. Judge Livingston was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly from 1759 to 1768, served as judge of the admiralty court from 1760 to 1763 and was a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress of 1765. He married Margaret Beekman, daughter of Colonel Henry Beekman. Their son, Robert R. Livingston, later known as "Chancellor", served on the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Judge Robert died about six months after his father, on December 9, 1775.</p><br>
<p>In October 1777, British ships sailed upriver from New York City in support of General John Burgoyne who was north of Albany. That same force had already stormed two forts in the Hudson Highlands and burned Kingston, New York. Major General John Vaughan led a raiding party to Clermont and burned Livingstons home because of the familys role in the rebellion. Margaret Beekman Livingston rebuilt the family home between 1779 and 1782. Robert R. Livingston became the estate&#39;s most prominent resident. Chancellor Livingston administered the oath of office to President George Washington, became Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and negotiated the Louisiana Purchase.</p><br>
<p>He also partnered with Robert Fulton in 1807, to create the first commercially successful steamboat on the Hudson River, the North River Steamboat (later known as the Clermont), which stopped at the house on its inaugural trip.</p><br>
<p>The house is now a New York State Historic Site and was designated a United States National Historic Landmark in 1972. It is a contributing property to another National Historic Landmark, the Hudson River Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Although located in the town of Clermont, its mailing address is in the nearby town of Germantown.</p><br>
